count source_label source_id relationship target_label target_id entity_type solr_id publication_id sentences 64 UNIPROT:P24386 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 64438b2e-8829-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101177 The trials showed that CHM could reduce the diarrhea scores to varying degrees, but five trials [36,38,45,51,61] showed no significant statistical difference between the two groups (Table 4). 48 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 14108d00-3806-11e6-8a17-001a4ae51247 PMC4416832 In summary, we have discovered a new molecular mechanism by which irinotecan causes secretory diarrhea (data summarized inFig.|||Binding of Irinotecan to MRP4 Induces Conformational Change in MRP4 The novelty of this study is the identification and characterization of a transporter-dependent pathway that is a key effector in the pathogenic process of drug-induced diarrhea.|||To test whether MRP4-CFTR-coupled complexes are involved in irinotecan-induced diarrhea, we developed a physiologically relevant system that mimics the native intestine (13,24–26).|||Development of Adult Mouse intestinal Enterosphere System to Study Mechanisms of Drug-induced Diarrhea To test whether MRP4-CFTR-coupled complexes are involved in irinotecan-induced diarrhea, we developed a physiologically relevant system that mimics the native intestine (13,24–26). 32 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003251 Phenotype e15c35f8-051a-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.yasu.2024.04.002 Chronic diarrhea can cause a functional stricture due to anal spasm whereas stenosis develops because of healing and remodeling from episodes of perianal inflammation [48]. 28 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D051379 Phenotype bfc49fda-c9ff-11e5-ab20-001a4ae51246 PMC1615363 Interestingly, IL-12p40 mRNA was only detected in the large intestine of diarrhea-induced mice, not in control mice without the disease [eg, SC only or per oral challenge (PO) only;Figure 1B].|||In addition, high levels of OVA-specific IgE Abs were detected in the serum of diarrhea-induced mice treated with control Ab, whereas the mice treated with anti-IL-12p40 mAb showed low levels of OVA-specific IgE Abs (Figure 3B, right).|||As shown inFigure 1A, IL-12p40, but not IL-12p35, was expressed in the large intestine of diarrhea-induced mice.|||To further confirm the expression of IL-12p80 or p40 instead of the p70 form, the protein extracts from the large intestine of the diarrhea-induced mice were immunoprecipitated with anti-IL-12p40 mAb and then Western blotting was performed using anti-IL-12p35 mAb.|||No molecular bands corresponding to IL-12p70 proteins were detected in the large intestine of diarrhea-induced mice, while predominant IL-12p40 protein was detected (Figure 2C).|||To examine the kinetics of the response, we next assessed the time course of IL-12p40 expression in the large intestine of the diarrhea-induced mice.|||In the large intestine of diarrhea-induced mice, the 80kD form of IL-12 predominated clearly demonstrating the presence of IL-12p40 homodimer but not 70kD IL-12 heterodimer, in contrast to the environment observed in the large intestine of control mice or the small intestine of mice with/without diarrhea (Figure 2A). 28 UNIPROT:P80511 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein fede9682-3409-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5429995 Thus, icv CGRP can induce diarrhea in mice, and olcegepant can significantly decrease the percentage of mice with CGRP-induced diarrhea.|||Thus, we surmise that icv CGRP induces diarrhea as the result of leakage of CGRP outside the brain and likely into the systemic circulation.|||CGRP-induced diarrhea in mice Following icv CGRP administration, wild-type (C57BL/6J), transgenic (nestin/hRAMP1), and control littermate mice demonstrated a similar rate of CGRP-induced diarrhea (Table 1).|||To further quantify CGRP-induced diarrhea, we weighed excretions fromnestin/hRAMP1mice injected with CGRP 24h after being given either control or anti-CGRP antibodies.|||The ability of peripherally administered CGRP to induce diarrhea was confirmed by ip CGRP injections, as described below.|||Anti-CGRP antibodies block CGRP-induced diarrhea in mice To determine if CGRP-binding antibodies could inhibit CGRP-induced diarrhea, animals received ip injection of vehicle, control antibody, or anti-CGRP antibody 24h prior to administration of icv CGRP. 20 MESH:D009270 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 788d7fde-3554-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 10204676 Further analysis showed that the increase in naloxone-induced jumping by DPCPX could not be altered by DMPX, however, DMPX could block the inhibitory response to DPCPX on naloxone-induced diarrhea.|||Two-way ANOVA also indicated an interaction between the effects of the adenosine antagonist, DPCPX (F4,72=4.4,P<0.01), with the inhibitory response to the adenosine receptor agonists, CHA and CPCA, on the diarrhea induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent animals.|||The data indicate that A1receptor activation may reduce jumping and diarrhea induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice.|||), dose relatedly increased the naloxone-induced jumping in morphine-dependent mice (F4,40=9.5,P<0.0001), however, the diarrhea induced by naloxone was decreased with one dose (3 mg kg−1, i.p.|||), did not alter either jumping (F2,24=2.0,P>0.05) or diarrhea (F2,24=0.07,P>0.05) induced by naloxone (4 mg kg−1, i.p. 20 UNIPROT:Q9UQ90 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ceac770c-c8e7-11e5-9cb8-001a4ae51247 PMC1934528 To clarify the role of mast cell in PGN-induced diarrhea in mouse, mast cell-deficient mice,W/Wvmice, and the +/+ littermate mice were treated with PGN, resulting in diarrhea in +/+ mice but not inW/Wvmice.|||To confirm further the role of mast cell in PGN-induced diarrhea,W/Wvmice were passively transferred with bone marrow-derived mast cells derived from +/+ mice at doses of 30,000, 40,000, and 50,000 cells/mouse or TLR2−/−mice (50,000 cells/mouse) and exposed to PGN.|||To identify which mast cell-associated mediators were responsible for oral PGN-induced diarrhea, several mediator antagonists were introduced individually to mice before the oral PGN administration.|||We observed the effect of histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists on PGN-induced diarrhea(Table 1).|||The results demonstrate that oral PGN is able to induce diarrhea in mice. 18 CHEBI:23359 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 28bff15c-3550-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 17931809 Model of colchicine-induced acute diarrhea To establish a model of colchicine-induced acute diarrhea, groups of rats (n=2–5) were treated with various doses of colchicine by injection via the tail vein.|||In the colchicine-induced diarrhea experiments, rats were housed on wire-bottom cages with paper underneath.|||Pretreatment with CsA delayed the development of severe diarrhea induced by colchicine for 1 day.|||According to these preliminary experiments, we found that a dose of colchicine of 0.7mg/kg consistently caused severe acute diarrhea within 1 day without mortality and the diarrhea subsided after 4–6 days. 16 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D050497 Phenotype 6c3fcd0e-04fa-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107571 Bovine viral diarrhea virus causes early embryonic loss, abortions and stillbirths (Belknap et al., 2000; Goyal et al., 2002; Carman et al., 2005; Barnett et al., 2008). 16 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D010243 Phenotype f0bff87a-0026-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105732 The tetravalent vanadyl sulfate pentahydrate had an oral LD50of 448 mg/kg (∼90.3 mg V/kg) when administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats and caused intense diarrhea, irregular respiration, increased cardiac rhythm, ataxia, decreased locomotor activity, paralysis of the hind legs and decreased sensitivity to pain (Llobet and Domingo, 1984); it is unclear whether local effects (corrosion) contribute to this toxicity. 16 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005472 Phenotype 1b5d081c-3544-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 16935430 The RR, PFS and OS were comparable to CPT11 with modulated 5FU (Table 4), and main toxicities were diarrhea and neutropenia.49–53Similar results has been obtained from combination of CPT11 with UFT.54,55As for L-OHP, OF might represent a reasonable partner in combination with CPT11.|||Although PFS was significantly improved in all trials, the addition of L-OHP did not confer any significant OS advantage over modulated 5FU.21–23The addition of L-OHP to modulated 5FU increases diarrhea and neutropenia. 16 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001835 Phenotype 2d08db6c-3ab3-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 9716354 The injections of Ca2+channel antagonists, nifedipine (5 mg/kg), nimodipine (5 mg/kg) and verapamil (10 mg/kg) 20 min before the injection of naloxone to morphine-dependent rats prevented the head twitch response (Fig. 3A) and strongly reduced the body weight loss caused by diarrhea (Fig. 3B).|||For the following 60 min the occurrence of head or body shakes was recorded by two independent observers, and the rats were then weighed again to record body weight loss, which was caused by intense diarrhea. 16 MESH:D015215 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 14108d00-3806-11e6-8a17-001a4ae51247 PMC4416832 To demonstrate the broad implications of our findings, we tested whether AZT induces diarrhea by activating MRP4-CFTR-containing macromolecular complexes using cultured intestinal enterospheres. 16 CHEBI:8988 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 63e6c8ee-354d-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 15890408 With reduced capacity for glucuronidation, SN-38 can cause life-threatening diarrhea provoked by SN-38 mediated enteric injury (Gupta et al., 1994). 16 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 21147442-0040-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100687 apetalaexhibit notable antidiarrheal properties.Hossain et al. (2017)conducted a study on young Swiss albino mice induced with diarrhea by castor oil and treated with seed extracts from various solvent fractions. 16 CHEBI:90620 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 0473379e-376e-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 16337806 PTK 787 causes a higher incidence of hypertension, diarrhea and thromboembolic events. 16 MESH:D004317 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 14108d00-3806-11e6-8a17-001a4ae51247 PMC4416832 These studies suggest that doxorubicin-induced diarrhea is independent of MRP4. 16 CHEBI:3098 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical af5be448-390e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 27496381 Bacterial overgrowth causes diarrhea by bile acid deconjugation, interfering with enzymatic action, and damage to the mucosa.41Bacterial overgrowth can be difficult to diagnose, because available tests are invasive and expensive (aspiration and culture of jejunal fluid) or have inadequate sensitivity and specificity (various breath tests).42Because of these concerns, some clinicians use response to a trial of antibiotics as a diagnostic test. 16 CHEBI:17126 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical b274458e-ca03-11e5-ab20-001a4ae51246 15992662 Carnitine frequently causes nausea, pyrosis, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. 16 MESH:D008727 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 100ecdfa-3545-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16461068 The ACR guidelines note that stomatitis, nausea, diarrhea, and perhaps alopecia caused by methotrexate may decrease with concomitant folic acid or folinic acid use, but do not specifically advocate the use of these agents (21). 16 PF:PF10764 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily a3abb7a6-bbdc-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.03.009 First, clinical signs of a natural GIN infection may be easily confused with other health problems causing anaemia, undernourishment, diarrhea or even chronic wasting. 16 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a3abb7a6-bbdc-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.03.009 First, clinical signs of a natural GIN infection may be easily confused with other health problems causing anaemia, undernourishment, diarrhea or even chronic wasting. 16 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0766bb98-5ca3-11e7-8b40-001a4ae51247 PMC4851880 In cholera, infection with this vibrio leads to sustained diarrhea after disruption of the epithelial barrier in enterocytes. 16 UNIPROT:P01178 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 85ae65fe-3c66-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105184 The OT and OT + NHDC groups could reduce the diarrhea symptoms caused by food allergy in mice without any difference (Fig. 3G). 16 CHEBI:8764 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 8674a59c-5c2d-11e7-9fde-001a4ae51247 28233655 Compared to IV cyclophosphamide, MMF was more likely to cause diarrhea (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.61-4.53). 16 UNIPROT:Q08117 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 2150859a-002c-11f0-9f70-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108087 The most frequently reported AEs in the phase 3 trial with selpercatinib were an increase in transaminases (60 %), hypertension (48 %), diarrhea (44 %), edema (41 %) and dry mouth (39 %)[103]. 16 MESH:D013805 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 41e19402-f53f-11eb-bb91-001a4a160176 29539576 In large quantities, theobromine can be toxic to dogs and other animals, causing diarrhea, nausea, seizures, and death. 16 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f0df49b8-390a-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 25433250 Castor oil-induced diarrhea Antidiarrheal effect of Flaxseed extract was tested on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice by slight modification of the method previously used (Wang et al., 2006; Bashir et al., 2011).|||The statistical parameter applied in the castor oil-induced diarrhea, antisecretory and gut motility assay was One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey׳s post-test and/or unpairedt-test (two-tailed), while in case of antibacterial analysis, paired or unpairedt-test (two-tailed) was used.|||Effect on castor oil-induced diarrhea After administration of castor oil, the mean diarrheal score of castor oil group was 35.7±0.81 as compared to 0 score in vehicle control group. 16 UNIPROT:P24821 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein eb86218c-3c8e-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154119 Improvement of chronic diarrhea induced by high-lactose diet SLBZS can treat chronic diarrhea caused by high-lactose diet (Ji et al., 2019).|||SLBZS can treat chronic diarrhea caused by high-lactose diet (Ji et al., 2019). 16 MESH:D013806 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype aee83ad2-bc03-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001 Experimental diarrhea was induced in rats by either one week of drinking a cathartic (magnesium citrate-phenolphthalein) solution to produce chronic osmotic-secretory effects or by jejunal perfusion of theophylline to induce jejunal secretion.|||However, this simple effect of GA on membrane accessibility was not supported by the evidence in theophylline-induced secretory diarrhea. 16 CHEBI:16482 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical db6ded72-08e3-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jece.2014.05.013 •If ingested, naphthalene may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, convulsions, unconsciousness and may result in death if ingested in high concentrations.|||If ingested, naphthalene may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, convulsions, unconsciousness and may result in death if ingested in high concentrations. 16 MESH:D009325 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4428feae-0062-11f0-a3d5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105507 The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||•The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||Adverse effects •The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024). 16 MESH:D003248 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4428feae-0062-11f0-a3d5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105507 The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||•The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||Adverse effects •The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024). 16 MESH:D004415 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4428feae-0062-11f0-a3d5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105507 The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||•The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024).|||Adverse effects •The most common side effects (>5%) included: constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increases in blood pressure, dizziness, acid reflux, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea (Kaul et al., 2024). 14 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001835 Phenotype 0ae7cec8-bc50-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.02.008 ) 20 min before the injection of naloxone to morphine-dependent rats significantly decreased the jumping response (Fig. 3A) and strongly reduced the body weight loss caused by diarrhea (Fig. 3B).|||Preventing the expression of abstinence syndrome Morphine-dependent rats that were given naloxone showed sever signs of withdrawal as manifested by jumping and diarrhea that cause significant body weight loss.|||Effect of finasteride on morphine abstinence syndrome Morphine-dependent rats that were given naloxone showed sever signs of withdrawal as manifested by jumping and diarrhea that cause significant body weight loss. 12 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D008055 Phenotype a5128886-3402-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26891998 ○Common adverse experiences with lomitapide include fat malabsorption, diarrhea, increased liver fat, and elevated liver transaminases.|||Common adverse experiences with lomitapide include fat malabsorption, diarrhea, increased liver fat, and elevated liver transaminases. 12 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:G:i ProteinFamily e06c3bee-1bf3-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.09.011 GI toxicity Late GI toxicity is primarily caused by diarrhea.|||Late GI toxicity is primarily caused by diarrhea. 12 UNIPROT:P40879 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein de7e4c36-5c85-11e7-86a3-001a4ae51246 PMC4956471 The DRA/CLD exchanger (SLC26A3) gene is expressed throughout the GI tract (colon predominant) and mutations in this gene underlie congenital chloride diarrhea[8]. 12 MESH:D008278 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6f25ee52-1ae1-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.045 Magnesium sulfate at 2 mg/kg dose induced diarrhea in mice.|||In magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, the reduction in diarrheal droppings by the extract followed a dose-dependent pattern. 12 UNIPROT:P09466 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 056e13a0-3933-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16230079 Moreover, because PEG does not influence active transport of electrolytes, PEG-induced diarrhea can be used as a “diarrhea control” for comparison with other types of diarrhea.4,5As stool weight increased in subjects with PEG-induced diarrhea, there was only a small increase in fecal output of sodium and potassium, reflecting high capacity of normal intestine to absorb these cations, even in the face of dilutional and transit time effects that reduce absorptive efficiency.|||Fourth, fecal potassium output in classic secretory diarrhea is higher than in PEG-induced diarrhea. 12 MESH:D000038 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 5c183042-ee1c-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.rigapp.2006.06.001 Transrectal ultrasound guided drainage of pelvic abscesses Pelvic abscesses which form in the pouch of Douglas may cause tenesmus and diarrhea with fever.|||Pelvic abscesses which form in the pouch of Douglas may cause tenesmus and diarrhea with fever. 12 UNIPROT:P10144 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein adcac2d8-bc43-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72891-5 Both MSPB and CSPB treatment lowered the incidence of severe diarrhea, but the effects did not reach statistical significance.|||In experiment 3, treatment with either MSPB or CSPB reduced the incidence of diarrhea.|||Treatment with CSPB significantly lowered the incidence and duration of diarrhea (−50% and −58%), irrespective of its nature. 10 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D014839 Phenotype 55a04bb0-352b-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 25016034 Prior to the euthanization of these 3 animals, clinical observations included hypoactivity, thinness, diarrhea, decreased activity, impaired equilibrium, excessive salivation, body cool to touch, and emesis.|||Prior to euthanization, clinical observations were noted in these 3 animals and included hypoactivity, thinness, diarrhea, decreased activity, impaired equilibrium, excessive salivation, body cool to touch, and emesis. 10 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0046541 Phenotype 55a04bb0-352b-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 25016034 Prior to the euthanization of these 3 animals, clinical observations included hypoactivity, thinness, diarrhea, decreased activity, impaired equilibrium, excessive salivation, body cool to touch, and emesis.|||Prior to euthanization, clinical observations were noted in these 3 animals and included hypoactivity, thinness, diarrhea, decreased activity, impaired equilibrium, excessive salivation, body cool to touch, and emesis. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q9NRA2 Protein 36d4d220-3d19-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 PMC8474418 The most common all-grade treatment-emergent adverse events in the primary analysis set were: dry mouth (32%), diarrhea (31%), hypertension (29%), increased AST (28%), increased ALT (26%), fatigue (24%), constipation (22%), headache (20%), nausea (19%), peripheral edema (19%), and increased creatinine (18%). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:73341 Chemical 085ea072-04f4-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.015 Compared with the CON group, the ETEC challenge (d 15–35) reduced growth performance, as reflected by elevated (P< 0.01) F/G, increased (P< 0.01) diarrhea rate and diarrhea index, and numerically decreased ADG. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases PUBCHEM:53477739 Chemical 52b9f020-5cde-11e7-8e96-001a4ae51246 PMC5479309 Volume depletion from tubular toxicity induced by chemotherapy or caused by nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea could lead to nonosmotic secretion of antidiuretic hormone. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D002368 Phenotype 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 After 1h, diarrhea was induced in the experimental groups (groups 1 to 5) by administering castor oil (10ml/kgp.o. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003371 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 36398d60-3832-11e6-aaca-001a4ae51246 PMC4383721 In addition to affecting neonates, chronic disease is also seen in unvaccinated mature sheep and horses, where it presents as a chronic blood-free diarrhea that leads to dehydration[93]. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 2150859a-002c-11f0-9f70-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108087 Ceritinib is associated with gastrointestinal events including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting which may increase the risk of dehydration in older patients[71]. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009369 Phenotype 7fb5de12-04ed-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.microb.2024.100096 These show up as excruciating esophageal and mouth ulcers, along with the onset of diarrhea and abdominal pain, which causes patients with solid organ tumors to become malnourished and dehydrated. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013921 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004487 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015430 Phenotype cd8356ec-c46f-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 PMC4502613 Only O-PLS models (n=10) with reasonable quality (R2>0.2,Q2>0.01) were further investigated including the following ADRs: nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, dizziness, headache, insomnia, sedation, daytime sleepiness, increased sweating, and weight gain. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype 1b5b18d0-0504-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114204 The most common AEs in patients treated with 960 mg and 240 mg sotorasib included diarrhea (39.4 %; 31.7 %), nausea (23.1 %; 19.2 %), decreased appetite (17.3 %; 10.6 %), fatigue (15.4 %; 12.5 %), vomiting (15.4 %; 9.6 %), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (14.4 %; 17.3 %), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (13.5 %; 13.5 %), (Table 3,Figure 4B). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype 3b5ca9ec-003a-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063 Besides, diarrhea can also lead to electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin deficiency in the body. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 2936e606-3c80-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119377 Diarrhea is the major cause of death in infants and children because of sewage disposal, which causes a wide range of water-related disorders. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 3b5ca9ec-003a-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063 Furthermore, diarrhea also leads to weakened antibacterial and healing abilities in the human body, and induces inflammation. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006973 Phenotype 279f953c-04d5-11f0-bd9d-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112295 The most common serious AEs with selpercatinib were hypertension, increased alanine and/or aspartate aminotransferases, hyponatremia, and diarrhea. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006973 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D017674 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013035 Phenotype bf5fc8ba-4698-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.08.020 These events were, by order of frequency, muscle spasms (64%), alopecia (62%), dysgeusia (54%), weight loss (33%), asthenia (28%), decreased appetite (25%), ageusia (22%), diarrhea (17%), nausea (16%), and fatigue (16%). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D010146 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000380 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003693 Phenotype 6f1e6620-0022-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.euo.2024.09.001 Diarrhea and cardiac effects caused by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy could be challenging in frail patients, and may lead to early discontinuation of treatment and hospitalization, potentially increasing the risk of functional decline and delirium[63]. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000740 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000740 Phenotype 3b5ca9ec-003a-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063 Besides, diarrhea can also lead to electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin deficiency in the body. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D018908 Phenotype 5b26ecfa-3905-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28934673 The effects of ingesting barium include gastrointestinal disturbance and muscular weakness, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness (Long et al., 2015a). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005076 Phenotype 34e2ec7e-bbf3-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4313464 Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, hypophosphatemia, edema, skin rash, granulocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but these are rare in children. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D055154 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D060831 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype b51d9748-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26320662 Over time, the rates of most of these AEs decreased (ie, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, hypertension, weight decreased, hand-foot syndrome, cough, nausea, dysphonia, pain in extremity) or stabilized (ie, arthralgia, vomiting, back pain). 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P13569 Protein bdbbc76a-0558-11f0-9c9e-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.009 Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding interaction dynamics between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and the chloride channels involved in secretory diarrhea [calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)].|||SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein interacts with calcium and chloride channel proteins in molecular docking study Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding interaction dynamics between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and the chloride channels involved in secretory diarrhea [calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)]. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype 69364e02-ea16-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.09.001 The frequency, severity, and interference of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, decreased appetite, fatigue, and insomnia were reported using PRO-CTCAE before T-DXd administration and on days 8, 15, and 22.|||PRO-CTCAE scores of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, decreased appetite, fatigue, and insomnia are summarized inSupplementary Table S5, available athttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2024.09.001. 8 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007501 Phenotype c7c1c000-352d-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5701709 Taken together, the available data suggest that oral iron supplements and iron-containing MNPs that are given to young children in low-resource settings modestly increase risk of diarrhea.|||Increasing iron intakes and risk of diarrhea The provision of iron supplements and iron-containing MNPs to infants and children in low-resource settings may increase risk of diarrhea (46).|||The provision of iron supplements and iron-containing MNPs to infants and children in low-resource settings may increase risk of diarrhea (46). 8 CHEBI:29101 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical b1ac4538-001e-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2025.119333 Wei reported in his master's degree thesis that CPS-1 could protect mouse from ulcerative colitis induced by 5% dextran sulfate sodium solution by improving hematochezia and diarrhea symptoms, inhibiting weight loss, increasing serum EGF and platelet-derived growth factor expression, and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression (Wei, 2006). 8 CHEBI:26536 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 3b5ca9ec-003a-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063 Li et al. [127] found thatPanax ginsengpolysaccharides (WGPs) could increase the RA ofFirmicutes, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus,andStreptococcus, whereas WGPs could decrease the RA ofBacteroidetes, Proteobacteria,andActinobacteriotaat the genus level, thereby promoting the recovery of mucosal structure and improving diarrhea symptoms.Pueraria lobatapolysaccharides (PLPs) could restore carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism in the body, and improve intestinal mucosal damage. 8 MESH:D002166 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype d22b5700-c46d-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC4337795 Microbial enzymes in the gut may also act on xenobiotics (such as cancer chemotherapies) and induce various side effects.Wallace et al. (2010)demonstrated that the antineoplastic drug camptothecin (and its derivative CPT-11), inactivated in the liver, causes severe diarrhea as a result of its reactivation in the gut by bacterial β-glucuronidases. 8 MESH:D008550 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 51d3f544-3513-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 26307198 Some studies have shown that few to no adverse effects are experienced when children with ASDs take supplemental melatonin (Giannotti et al., 2006; Rossignol & Frye, 2011), whereas other studies reported very mild adverse effects such as daytime drowsiness, reduced appetite, reduced alertness, and diarrhea (Malow et al., 2012a; Wright et al., 2011). 8 UNIPROT:P50402 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein f37ee5c0-cc83-11e5-85cd-001a4ae51247 9247117 Heat stable enterotoxins (STa), which cause an acute secretory diarrhea, have been suggested to mediate their actions through the guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor. 8 UNIPROT:D0ZIB5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 0b513362-352b-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 25037134 STEC has an infectious dose of 100 to 1000 organisms and can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in 50% of children or acute bloody diarrhea after a short incubation period of 3 to 4 days (range, 1–8 days)[3,33,35–37]. 8 UNIPROT:P16223 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 81d0bc9a-3f98-11e6-b1b0-001a4ae51247 17409807 TKI-induced diarrhea can be controlled by loperamid treatment in most cases, but it is occasionally (1%) life threatening. 8 CHEBI:17924 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical c596fef6-352a-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 25792195 INH suspension is not recommended by most experts because its high sorbitol concentration frequently causes diarrhea. 8 MESH:D015746 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 Patients treated with axitinib had higher incidence any-grade diarrhea (50%), hypertension (49%), weight decrease (37%), decreased appetite (29%), dysphonia (23%), hypothyroidism (21%), and upper abdominal pain (16%). 8 PF:PF02985 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily f37ee5c0-cc83-11e5-85cd-001a4ae51247 9247117 Heat stable enterotoxins (STa), which cause an acute secretory diarrhea, have been suggested to mediate their actions through the guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor. 8 MESH:D009270 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4e5ad30e-338f-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 15507371 The number of jumps and weight of diarrhea induced by naloxone was compared to those for mice that received 10 injections of saline instead of morphine (Fig. 1A and B). 8 IP:IPR004277 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily a7db38a6-3ab0-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 24877784 PSS showed a reduced excretion of oocysts (expressed as Area under the Curve for OPG and fewer days of oocyst excretion), more solid feces (expressed as Area under the Curve of FS), and reduced occurrence of diarrhea (fewer days with FS 3 or 4) as well as a significantly longer prepatent period and a later onset of diarrhea (Table 1). 8 IP:IPR000533 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 1799c5aa-004c-11f0-9f22-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141757 Tropomyosin, a main allergen in crustaceans can cause diarrhea, vomiting, or even life-threatening anaphylaxis (Cheng et al., 2022). 8 MESH:D003093 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b1ac4538-001e-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2025.119333 Wei reported in his master's degree thesis that CPS-1 could protect mouse from ulcerative colitis induced by 5% dextran sulfate sodium solution by improving hematochezia and diarrhea symptoms, inhibiting weight loss, increasing serum EGF and platelet-derived growth factor expression, and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression (Wei, 2006). 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8c67fba4-001f-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118993 One-hour post-treatment, castor oil (0.5 ml) was administered orally to induce diarrhea. 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f6fc6e8c-00a6-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175317 It regulated intestinal motility and all measured parameters associated with castor oil-induced diarrhea. 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 5eb9c886-3b5f-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 29268970 On the day of experiment diarrhea was induced in all animals by oral ingestion of castor oil (10 mL/kg). 8 MESH:D005512 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 85ae65fe-3c66-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105184 The OT and OT + NHDC groups could reduce the diarrhea symptoms caused by food allergy in mice without any difference (Fig. 3G). 8 UNIPROT:P10145 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 925fdcd0-3d18-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.medmic.2020.100025 These toxins and adherence of EAEC in intestine secretes interleukin-8 (Fig. 4Ⓒ), which stimulates neutrophils in causing diarrhea [87–89], also associated with vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea and rare bloody stool [80,86,90] (Fig. 4). 8 MESH:D009355 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 32537dd4-f11e-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00120-8 In one study neomycin decreased the incidence of diarrhea by affecting bacterial flora and markedly decreasing fecal β-glucuronidase activity[65]. 8 CHEBI:34674 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical b1ac4538-001e-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2025.119333 Wei reported in his master's degree thesis that CPS-1 could protect mouse from ulcerative colitis induced by 5% dextran sulfate sodium solution by improving hematochezia and diarrhea symptoms, inhibiting weight loss, increasing serum EGF and platelet-derived growth factor expression, and inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression (Wei, 2006). 8 CHEBI:29036 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 42084038-e9fd-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177885 The heart, bones, kidneys, and nervous system are particularly vulnerable to excess Pb(II) intake, while excessive Cu(II) can cause stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting (Mittal et al., 2015). 8 UNIPROT:P58867 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 47c38746-3404-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26117430 Pre-treatment with TQ (13μg/kg) caused a reduction in intestinal mast cell numbers and MMCP-1 expression compared to the control sample, thereby reducing the overall clinical scores of ovalbumin-induced allergic diarrhea. 8 UNIPROT:P58867 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 47c38746-3404-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26117430 Pre-treatment with TQ (13μg/kg) caused a reduction in intestinal mast cell numbers and MMCP-1 expression compared to the control sample, thereby reducing the overall clinical scores of ovalbumin-induced allergic diarrhea. 8 MESH:D015430 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3c848684-3510-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 26628334 Specifically, two or more of the following physical symptoms were necessary for eligibility: abdominal bloating, weight gain due to water retention, increased appetite/food cravings, breast pain/tenderness, acne flare-ups, hot flashes, headache, constipation, dizziness, diarrhea, poor coordination, or change in sex drive. 8 MESH:D015431 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9f34275a-8650-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.101590 The most common AEs were hypertension (42%), diarrhea (39%), decreased appetite (34%), weight loss (31%) and fatigue (30%). 8 MESH:D006632 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b5660b68-1acd-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104749 In addition, it has been reported that histamine, putrescine, and spermidine produced after the fermentation of undigested proteins in the gut, may negatively affect gut health and eventually cause reduced growth performance and diarrhea in piglets (Xia et al., 2022). 8 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e69d559c-8611-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101514 The most common TEAEs for combination therapy with LY3022855 with durvalumab or tremelimumab (NCT02718911) were fatigue, increased CPK, decreased appetite, nausea, increased AST, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, facial edema, pruritis, and peripheral edema. 8 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9f34275a-8650-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.101590 The most common AEs were hypertension (42%), diarrhea (39%), decreased appetite (34%), weight loss (31%) and fatigue (30%). 8 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 38bec49a-0503-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108689 In the context of piglet diarrhea induced by CPT-11, Li and coworkers observed a significant rise in GFAP and cytokine release. 8 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 28f2682c-0513-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155812 Irinotecan, used in advanced colorectal cancer treatment, leads to diarrhea in up to 87 % of patients. 8 MESH:D000077146 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 38bec49a-0503-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108689 Therefore, these findings indicate that fish oil supplements may be useful to mitigate CPT-11 treatment induced mucosal damage, thus, expecting to decrease the diarrhea associated with this treatment. 8 UNIPROT:P13569 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 17be8150-bc0f-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.004 Mistargeting of the chloride transporter cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in K8-null small intestine villi might also contribute to the diarrhea[65]. 8 UNIPROT:Q6PGP7 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 6cb06230-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4422778 For S17, we observed a homozygous nonsynonomous variant in tetratricopeptide repeat domain 37 (TTC37), which may underlie the reported frequent watery diarrhea, fatigue, and failure to thrive in this individual. 8 MESH:D015232 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 Immediately after drug administration, diarrhea was induced in groups 1 to 3 by oral administration of PGE2(100μg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) to each rat. 8 MESH:D020113 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7f307f5e-354e-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 15039661 Phenolphthalein is commonly used in MBP to cause serious diarrhea, but it can cross-react with substances found in some foods. 8 UNIPROT:P16870 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein c37c0380-3388-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 24952276 High CPE doses cause enterocyte necrosis, inflammation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. 8 CHEBI:114785 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 51e337be-45a2-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100832 However, less known variations (rs10248420 and rs7787082) were related to erlotinib-induced untoward toxicity of any grade, mostly regarding diarrhea and skin rash (Table 1andFig. 8 UNIPROT:P01560 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein bc17a5b2-352d-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 29079214 STb induces diarrhea without activating adenylate or guanlylate cyclases. 8 UNIPROT:P08697 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 085ea072-04f4-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.015 In the present study, both API and antibiotics inclusion decreased the ETEC-induced diarrhea rates and diarrhea index. 8 UNIPROT:P08697 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5aeb7c7a-1a57-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136779 Assessment of diarrhea severity revealed that AAP treatment markedly reduced diarrhea rates (Fig. 1B), diarrhea index (Fig. 1C), and DAI score (Fig. 1F) (allP< 0.05). 8 UNIPROT:Q03403 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein f0a059f8-e9eb-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113771 Treatment with NK-1R antagonist SR140333 reduced the secretory response to αIgE of the food-allergic colon and afferent stimuli, inhibited the increase of SP secretion, and reduced allergic diarrhea, which may contribute to the reduced food allergy symptoms[137]. 8 PUBCHEM:53481368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 7671da16-377e-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 10594978 This suggests that, after infection, cells such as intestinal epithelial cells or fibroblasts, which are normally present in uninfected mucosa, might serve as a source of increased levels of prostaglandins that contribute to mucosal fluid secretion and diarrhea. 8 MESH:D010455 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype bcad99b6-c747-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.028 Results similar to those with N3SP-1 and CP-1 were found, supporting that deletion of the N-terminal 7 amino acids of N3SP-1 did not alter the efficacy of this peptide to reduce CTx-related diarrhea. 8 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype d55f8380-3403-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26096095 In rare cases, infections can cause large-volume watery diarrhea, or they may be associated with tenesmus. 8 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f37ee5c0-cc83-11e5-85cd-001a4ae51247 9247117 In addition, infection with enterotoxigenic bacteria that produce STa leads to diarrhea and death in wild-type and heterozygous mice, while the null mice are protected. 8 MESH:D051379 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3b5ca9ec-003a-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063 In addition, PLPs could also increase the content of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the cecum of mice, while PLPs could decrease the content of isovaleric acid to restore the balance of the intestinal environment of diarrhea mice, thereby alleviating diarrhea symptoms [201]. 8 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 85ae65fe-3c66-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105184 The OT and OT + NHDC groups could reduce the diarrhea symptoms caused by food allergy in mice without any difference (Fig. 3G). 8 MESH:D012701 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 74915492-452c-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b PMC9130533 Imbalanced 5-HT synthesis promotes the pathological process of stress-induced diarrhea in mice (Dong et al., 2017). 8 MESH:D012701 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype af5be448-390e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 27496381 Bismuth also may be effective in the treatment of microscopic colitis.84 Alosetron is a serotonin type 3 antagonist that slows colonic transit and increases fluid absorption.85It is useful in diarrhea-predominant IBS and functional diarrhea, but because of a risk of colonic ischemia and severe constipation, it is used infrequently. 8 MESH:D014511 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ee672e8a-1b70-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106068 Uremia typically causes gastrointestinal (GI) signs including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, gastrointestinal and oral ulcerations, with glossitis and stomatitis, and halitosis (Cowgill and Langston, 2012;Nivy et al. 2021;Rimer at al, 2022). 8 MESH:D013095 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b5660b68-1acd-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104749 In addition, it has been reported that histamine, putrescine, and spermidine produced after the fermentation of undigested proteins in the gut, may negatively affect gut health and eventually cause reduced growth performance and diarrhea in piglets (Xia et al., 2022). 8 MESH:D014302 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8268175a-bc14-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.beem.2004.08.006 VIP has recently emerged as a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory Th1-driven diseases as it modulates the Th2-to-Th1 cytokine ratio.67Treatment with VIP reduced the clinical and histopathologic severity of in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice, abrogating body weight loss, diarrhea and macroscopic and microscopic intestinal inflammation. 8 MESH:D011504 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 148ba2a6-354d-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 15825090 Protein-losing enteropathy may lead to edema, abdominal distention, diarrhea, vomiting, and anemia. 8 MESH:D004187 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a60242dc-2cce-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1053/gast.2001.28680 These data suggest that, in mice, disaccharide-mediated malabsorption can cause diarrhea severe enough to initiate molecular mechanisms that attempt to decrease water and electrolyte loss. 8 MESH:D011700 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b5660b68-1acd-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104749 In addition, it has been reported that histamine, putrescine, and spermidine produced after the fermentation of undigested proteins in the gut, may negatively affect gut health and eventually cause reduced growth performance and diarrhea in piglets (Xia et al., 2022). 8 MESH:D054368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype fb93549e-3932-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 16234000 In celiac sprue, approximately 50% of patients are Hemoccult positive compared with patients with laxative-induced diarrhea, pancreatic insufficiency, microscopic colitis, and idiopathic secretory diarrhea, which have Hemoccult-positive rates of 6%, similar to control subjects. 8 CHEBI:17996 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical d0f9b41a-bbfa-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00143-0 In enterocytes this results in increased chloride secretion, decreased sodium absorption, and the consequent intestinal fluid accumulation and aqueous diarrhea that characterizes cholera. 8 MESH:D000740 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e94d442c-87de-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 PMC8450972 The most frequent (≥35% in any subgroup) any-grade TEAEs experienced by rucaparib-treated patients were nausea, asthenia/fatigue, vomiting, dysgeusia, constipation, anemia/decreased hemoglobin, AST/ALT elevations, diarrhea, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia/decreased platelet count, and pruritus (Supplementary Table S2). 8 MESH:D000485 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 1799c5aa-004c-11f0-9f22-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141757 Tropomyosin, a main allergen in crustaceans can cause diarrhea, vomiting, or even life-threatening anaphylaxis (Cheng et al., 2022). 8 MESH:D006967 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2405e1e2-1b50-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132128 Fig. 3A–Eshows that allergies caused weight loss and diarrhea, lowered rectal and body surface temperature, and allergic symptoms in mice. 8 MESH:D007037 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 Patients treated with axitinib had higher incidence any-grade diarrhea (50%), hypertension (49%), weight decrease (37%), decreased appetite (29%), dysphonia (23%), hypothyroidism (21%), and upper abdominal pain (16%). 8 MESH:D008464 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 974221b2-bc4a-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.03.005 Diarrhea and weight losses were significantly attenuated by mecamylamine alone and by combination. 8 MESH:D002857 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 078e68f4-4553-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128684 Cr can cause skin cancers and diarrhea along with various adverse reactions (Ma et al., 2019a). 8 UNIPROT:Q9P2T0 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 36e8721e-340a-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 27876650 G. lambliathat is an important causative agent of diarrhea in developing countries, supports high loads of theG. 8 MESH:D012968 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 38c4fd82-341e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 11182029 Etidronate at high doses of 10 to 20 mg/kg/day can cause GI complications (diarrhea, nausea) in 20% to 30% of patients. 8 MESH:D055154 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 The most common AE for axitinib were diarrhea (55%), hypertension (40%), fatigue (39%), decreased appetite (34%), nausea (32%), and dysphonia (31%). 8 MESH:D055154 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 Patients treated with axitinib had higher incidence any-grade diarrhea (50%), hypertension (49%), weight decrease (37%), decreased appetite (29%), dysphonia (23%), hypothyroidism (21%), and upper abdominal pain (16%). 8 CHEBI:74538 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 3cd71e8c-3aa4-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 25921792 LGG significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea compared with placebo or no treatment (mean difference = 1.05 days). 8 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 The most common AE for axitinib were diarrhea (55%), hypertension (40%), fatigue (39%), decreased appetite (34%), nausea (32%), and dysphonia (31%). 8 MESH:D002771 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f37ee5c0-cc83-11e5-85cd-001a4ae51247 9247117 Cholera toxin, in contrast, continues to cause diarrhea in GC-C null mice, demonstrating that the cAMP signaling pathway remained intact. 8 MESH:D002771 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9a4b6b76-c46e-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC4096445 choleraemanifests mainly as gastrointestinal symptoms, causing the disease of cholera, which leads to massive watery diarrhea resulting in dehydration and loss of electrolytes. 8 MESH:D022603 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype c9310f96-3905-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 28062285 As mentioned before, Stx produced by EHEC could injure blood vessels in the colon and lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea and most features of bloody diarrhea and HUS are defined by the mode of action of Stx on vascular endothelial cells. 8 MESH:D008139 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4a9d89f0-f035-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00133-6 Intensive loperamide treatment reduces the incidence of severe diarrhea in patients receiving irinotecan(89). 8 UNIPROT:Q08117 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 104cb01e-c474-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 PMC4490296 AEs (≥5%) suspected related to either drug or combination therapy by the investigator were abdominal pain, increased UPCR (≥1.0 mg/mg; each 8.3%), and increased serum creatinine, diarrhea, and nausea (each 6.7%). 8 MESH:D003248 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e94d442c-87de-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 PMC8450972 The most frequent (≥35% in any subgroup) any-grade TEAEs experienced by rucaparib-treated patients were nausea, asthenia/fatigue, vomiting, dysgeusia, constipation, anemia/decreased hemoglobin, AST/ALT elevations, diarrhea, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia/decreased platelet count, and pruritus (Supplementary Table S2). 8 MESH:D009020 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 788d7fde-3554-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 10204676 Two-way ANOVA also indicated an interaction between the effects of the adenosine antagonist, DPCPX (F4,72=4.4,P<0.01), with the inhibitory response to the adenosine receptor agonists, CHA and CPCA, on the diarrhea induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent animals.|||The data indicate that A1receptor activation may reduce jumping and diarrhea induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice. 8 FPLX:G:i activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily af5be448-390e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 27496381 Postsurgical diarrhea GI surgeries can lead to diarrhea that is due to intentional or inadvertent vagotomy, SIBO, BAM, and short bowel syndrome (SBS).|||GI surgeries can lead to diarrhea that is due to intentional or inadvertent vagotomy, SIBO, BAM, and short bowel syndrome (SBS). 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4759f500-c46d-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC4769596 To investigate this we used WT and δOR−/−mice and compared the effects of eluxadoline and loperamide on castor oil induced diarrhea.|||Moreover, this reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea by either loperamide or eluxadoline at 10mg/kg were not observed if the animals were pre-treated with the μOR antagonist, naltrexone (Fig. 4A); studies have reported that antagonizing the activity of opioid receptors, including μOR, has no effect on castor oil induced diarrhea[33,34]. 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3f00a8e6-86ea-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 PMC7921875 Castor oil-induced diarrhea model Animals, divided into specific groups, were treated with distilled water, a standard drug, JCR, CRAE, and CRME.|||reflexashowed a dose-dependent antidiarrheal effect against castor oil-induced diarrhea (Fig. 2). 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 407af8ae-c46f-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC4252579 Treatment of the rats produced a significant difference in the effect of treatment on castor oil-induced diarrhea [F(4, 29)=8.786,p<0.0001].|||Treatment of the rats did not produce any significant difference in the effect of treatment on castor oil-induced diarrhea measured by wet fecal weight (Fig. 3andTable 2). 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 95a9d7be-c46a-11e5-9da3-001a4ae51247 PMC4341819 Castor oil gavage induces an accumulation of water and electrolytes in the mouse intestine, causing the acute diarrhea in animals.|||The antidiarrheal potential of BU08070 was characterized in the mouse model of castor oil-induced diarrhea. 8 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 5af2d5a2-352a-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 25543018 At the higher dose, the fraction protected 50% of the mice against diarrhea in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model and reduced the total number of feces and wet feces in a magnesium sulfate-induced model in a comparable manner to that of the positive control loperamide.|||The MeOH extract of the stem bark also showed significantin vivoanti-diarrheal activity by reducing the number of stools and prolonging the onset of diarrheal episodes (61.07±3.67min) in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice. 8 UNIPROT:P01374 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ce3bfbfa-354e-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 17624704 Therefore, these data indicated that FCE blocked the binding of LTB to GM1, resulting in the suppression of LT-induced diarrhea.|||Therefore, these findings indicated that the triterpenes were the likely constituents from fruit ofChaenomelesfor the suppression of LT-induced diarrhea. 8 UNIPROT:P13569 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein d88655e0-bbd6-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC2174212 Cumulatively, our findings provide clear evidence that, (i) the potentiating effect on CTX-induced fluid secretion by MK571 is attributed to the inhibitory effect of MK571 on MRP4 transporter activity; and (ii) MRP4-deficient mice are more prone to CFTR-mediated secretory diarrhea.|||To test this hypothesis, the effect of MK571 on CTX-induced, CFTR-mediated intestinal fluid secretion was monitored in a closed-loop model of secretory diarrhea in wild-type andMrp4knockout mice. 8 UNIPROT:P09466 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 8484714e-c46d-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC4859344 difficileefficiently expands within the gut of mice with PEG-induced diarrhea (Figure 4C), with the pathogen reaching densities comparable to postantibiotic treatment (Ng et al., 2013).|||difficilein the presence of PEG-induced diarrhea. 8 UNIPROT:P08118 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein adcac2d8-bc43-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72891-5 In experiment 3, treatment with either MSPB or CSPB reduced the incidence of diarrhea.|||Both MSPB and CSPB treatment lowered the incidence of severe diarrhea, but the effects did not reach statistical significance. 8 UNIPROT:P08311 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 This experiment demonstrated that CG reduced the total amount of stool (frequency of defecation) especially diarrheal stools (frequency of diarrhea), thereby controlling diarrhea (by 24.02%; 52.20%; and 45.52%, respectively) when compared to the control (group 1,Table 1).|||In addition, CG at an oral dose of 60mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) reduced the severity of diarrhea, measured by the general diarrhea score and hard, mild, and copious stools, compared with the control treatment (group 1,Fig. 1). 8 MESH:D007501 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype c7c1c000-352d-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5701709 Taken together, the available data suggest that oral iron supplements and iron-containing MNPs that are given to young children in low-resource settings modestly increase risk of diarrhea.|||In 6- to 9-mo-old Honduran and Swedish infants who were given iron supplements, iron increased risk of diarrhea in the nonanemic infants (49). 8 MESH:D009525 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Niacin also attenuated the inflammatory response and diarrhea induced by PDCoV infection in weaned piglets by inhibiting the activation of the TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in the intestine (Chen et al., 2022).|||Dietary supplementation with 20.4 mg/kg niacin was able to increase the expression of intestinal ZO-1, AQP1 and AQP3, and decrease the diarrhea incidence of weaned piglets (Liu et al., 2022a). 8 IP:IPR012853 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily b8b50564-3513-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26523356 Additionally, acute or chronic diarrhea could be induced by CPT[27]; thereby, small intestines were also retrieved for morphological observation after HE staining as indicated above.|||It was indicated that acute diarrhea can be induced by CPT and its derivatives[27]. 8 UNIPROT:O95841 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 52b32580-c476-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 26654700 ARP1-anchored lactobacilli successfully reduced the diarrhea rate in comparison to untreated mice or those treated with irrelevant VHHs.|||When the mice were treated two hours after viral inoculation, 10μg of ARP1 successfully reduced diarrhea prevalence, whereas the same amount of ARP3 had no effect on the symptoms. 8 CHEBI:17996 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 9bb48af0-bbfa-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC2574565 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel, which plays a critical role in cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea[46].|||NHERF2 links the LPA2receptor with CFTR Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel, which plays a critical role in cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea[46]. 8 CHEBI:138366 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical af3b2ebc-bc22-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4629408 Bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), previously used for dissolution of gallstones, are known to elicit diarrhea at high doses in healthy controls and constipation patients46.|||Sodium chenodeoxycholate Bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), previously used for dissolution of gallstones, are known to elicit diarrhea at high doses in healthy controls and constipation patients46. 8 MESH:D002771 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9bb48af0-bbfa-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC2574565 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel, which plays a critical role in cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea[46].|||NHERF2 links the LPA2receptor with CFTR Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel, which plays a critical role in cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea[46]. 7 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P09848 Protein 65e0a572-dbff-11e7-a331-001a4a160176 PMC5698251 The results of this study show that antibiotics-induced diarrhea reduced the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents and decreased lactase activity by altering the number of lactase-producing strains or reducing the number of key lactase strains, leading to diarrhea.|||Antibiotics-induced diarrhea reduced the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents and decreased lactase activity by altering the number of lactase-producing strains or reducing the number of key lactase strains.|||Antibiotics-induced diarrhea reduced the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents and decreased lactase activity by altering the number of lactase-producing strains or reducing the number of key lactase strains, leading to diarrhea. 6 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 Castor oil-induced diarrhea Castor oil was used to induce diarrhea according to the method described byAwouters et al. (1993)with some modifications.|||CG reduces castor oil-induced diarrhea The results obtained in our experiments show that the administration of castor oil significantly induced diarrhea, and pretreatment with CG at all tested doses (30, 60, and 90mg/kg), significantly (P<0.01) reduced total fecal mass (34.60±0.07g; 23.35%; 23.57±0.01g; 49.15%; 26.48±0.01g; 45.84%, respectively) compared to the control group (46.35±0.05g) after 3-h administration of castor oil. 6 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003248 Phenotype 1002560e-3407-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 28545907 Furthermore, the incidence of chronic post-treatment chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and chemotherapy-induced constipation (CIC) amongst cancer survivors has been estimated to be as high as 49% with episodes persisting up to 10 years after the cessation of treatment[11,14,15].|||In most cases IRI and 5-FU cause diarrhea whilst OXL induces diarrhea and constipation[8,13,17].|||Chemotherapy-induced GI dysfunction is particularly prevalent amongst all cancer sufferers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) patients being particularly susceptible to chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and chemotherapy-induced constipation (CIC)[16]. 5 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases CHEBI:29103 Chemical 89316a84-341a-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 17210488 Vomiting and diarrhea can lower potassium levels as well, but we are given no information regarding this in the history. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:O00206 Protein 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 Diarrhea can promote colonic inflammatory responses by activating recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR4 signaling in pig macrophages (Zhou et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q99836 Protein 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 Diarrhea can promote colonic inflammatory responses by activating recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR4 signaling in pig macrophages (Zhou et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:Q9H171 Protein 5aeb7c7a-1a57-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136779 Assessment of diarrhea severity revealed that AAP treatment markedly reduced diarrhea rates (Fig. 1B), diarrhea index (Fig. 1C), and DAI score (Fig. 1F) (allP< 0.05). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases UNIPROT:Q02747 Protein 9ef743d2-0d6d-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0167-0115(99)00033-6 The remarkable magnitude of bacterial ST-mediated stimulation of intestinal secretion suggests that other forms of watery diarrhea could be caused by disordered secretion of one or more guanylin peptides. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:P09848 Protein c1b63efa-3390-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 14722508 Lactose-free formulas may, however, prove beneficial for treatment of severe diarrhea causing a secondary lactase deficiency or for the infant with the rare congenital lactase deficiency (AAP, 1990). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases UNIPROT:P58867 Protein 258564f2-bc4b-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 PMC4121593 This delay in the development of allergic diarrhea was associated with impaired intestinal mast cell accumulation (Fig 3,BandC), decreased MMCP1 plasma levels (Fig 3,D), and decreased plasma IgE levels (Fig 3,E). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases UNIPROT:P01730 Protein 006eab18-354a-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 18187369 The history and clinical evaluation in both patients confirmed a diagnosis of IE and the immunologic review was unremarkable except for a nonspecific increase in serum immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G1), marginally decreased lymphocyte counts, and altered CD3 and CD4 levels (reversed CD4:CD8 ratio in sibling 1 and reduced CD3 and CD4 levels in sibling 2).2 Sibling 1 The older brother presented at 6 weeks of age with failure to thrive and protracted diarrhea, which had started in the first week of life. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P02741 Protein 770bb3b0-390f-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27109966 The most frequent adverse events (fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, increase of C-reactive protein) were transient and self-limiting, even if long-term immunological or infectious effects are not yet evaluated because of short follow-up of patients. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q9BZS1 Protein 70d32594-c46f-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC5376484 Inherited gain-of-function mutations in guanylyl cyclase cause diarrhea and increase susceptibility to IBD, whereas loss-of-function mutations lead to intestinal obstruction and meconium ileus.141Gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 cause an IPEX-like syndrome with enteropathy,116whereas loss-of-function mutations are found in patients with autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.142Loss of TTC7A activity results in multiple intestinal atresia and SCID,36,37,143whereas hypomorphic mutations cause VEOIBD.38Similarly, loss-of-function variants cause classic SCID defects, whereas hypomorphic variants in the same genes allow residual oligoclonal T-cell activation and are associated with immunopathology, including colitis. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases UNIPROT:P07237 Protein ac51c60e-374d-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 28686965 For this reason, tannins can denature protein by training the protein-tannate complex, which makes the intestinal mucosa more resistant and reduces the hypersecretion and inhibition of the GIT as well as diarrhea[39]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 0d353a5a-c979-11ee-9aaa-0050569a1f61 PMC11307714 TEAEs in subjects who received Canocapavir include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, oral paresthesia, increased ALT (one subject, reaching 49 U/L at Day 14), increased amylase, increased blood alkaline phosphatase, increased gamma-glutamyl transferase, increased lipase, headache, anemia, tachycardia, conjunctival hyperemia, mouth injury, and back pain. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 The investigators report the most common irAE were rash 27%, pruritus and diarrhea (18% each), increased ALT (12%), and hypothyroidism (9%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 0718f370-3c7b-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.007 The most frequently reported ADRs were diarrhea, pyrexia, pneumonia, fatigue, increased liver enzymes (AST and ALT), leukopenia and neutropenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q9NRA2 Protein 0718f370-3c7b-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.007 The most frequently reported ADRs were diarrhea, pyrexia, pneumonia, fatigue, increased liver enzymes (AST and ALT), leukopenia and neutropenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:O95139 Protein 47233ef0-452f-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.027 At week 16, the mean score of diarrhea from baseline increased 12.2 points (95% CI, 9.1–15.4) in the surufatinib arm and 0.9 points (95% CI, -3.8-5.5) in the placebo arm (Fig. 3B), with a between-group difference of 11.4 points (95% CI, 5.7–17.0; P < 0.0001). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P35548 Protein 5bb7ddf8-390c-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 25108498 It is often impossible to ascertain which came first – the PFMD that caused the pelvic organ functional complaints (e.g., PFM hypertonicity compromising the ease of bowel movements resulting in a complaint of constipation) or the chronic visceral dysfunction that was driving the PFM tension (e.g., chronic diarrhea that caused PFM hypertonicity). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P20848 Protein 96281d42-c91e-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160304 Importantly, our study showed that multiple ARGs exhibited significant positive associations withCaudovirales(Siphoviridae,Podoviridae, andMyoviridae), and diarrhea also led to a significant increase in the abundance of phages carrying ARGs and MGE genes (including integrase genes) in the feces, which would facilitate the integration of phage genomes into bacterial genomes, thereby increasing the transduction of ARGs in bacterial communities. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q7Z3E5 Protein 47233ef0-452f-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.027 At week 16, the mean score of diarrhea from baseline increased 12.2 points (95% CI, 9.1–15.4) in the surufatinib arm and 0.9 points (95% CI, -3.8-5.5) in the placebo arm (Fig. 3B), with a between-group difference of 11.4 points (95% CI, 5.7–17.0; P < 0.0001). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q7Z3E5 Protein 697408b8-8666-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108442 In the 25 mg/kg arm of the TSC trial, the most commonly reported adverse events were elevated transaminases, pyrexia, vomiting, decreased appetite, decreased body weight, nausea, diarrhea and anemia, with 11% of patients on CBD (versus 3% of those on placebo) discontinuing due to adverse events (Epidiolex, 2020). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P22735 Protein 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Vitamin A (18,000 IU/kg) attenuates irinotecan-induced diarrhea in weaned piglets by modulating intestinal glial and immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response (Li et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:P22735 Protein 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Vitamin A (18,000 IU/kg) attenuates irinotecan-induced diarrhea in weaned piglets by modulating intestinal glial and immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response (Li et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P01282 Protein 25de3ff8-3545-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 16458841 Watery diarrhea caused by a VIP-secreting tumor is a rare presenting symptom in infants with neuroblastoma; however, it is important to keep this diagnosis in mind when treating patients with intractable diarrhea that does not respond to standard therapeutic maneuvers. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:61377 Chemical a684bd56-5c80-11e7-86a3-001a4ae51246 27150690 Antibiotics that prolong the QT interval can also eradicate normal bowel flora, causing diarrhea and electrolyte disturbances that can potentiate a patient’s risk of TdP. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases CHEBI:29036 Chemical 8fb45470-051e-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200267 In cases where supplementation of this mineral is required, it is essential to ensure that intake does not exceed the recommended upper limit (40 mg/day), as it may lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, diarrhea, headaches, lowered copper levels, compromised immune response, and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol [114]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:29036 Chemical 1af58b7c-c46e-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 24913894 In humans, an acquired copper deficiency is caused mainly by bowel resections, chronic diarrhea, and short bowel syndrome, all of which result in a decrease in intestinal absorption (Btaiche et al., 2011). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases CHEBI:17968 Chemical 8484714e-c46d-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC4859344 Diarrhea reduces the levels of butyrate and acetate and increases succinate (80-fold, p < 0.01) (Figure 4D), mirroring the changes that occur after antibiotic treatment. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:3440 Chemical 0536392a-1be5-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007 Dietary supplementation of carvacrol significantly reduced diarrhea rates during 14 to 28 d (P< 0.05), and cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol co-feeding also decreased the rate of diarrhea during 0 to 14 d (P< 0.05). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases CHEBI:30089 Chemical 8484714e-c46d-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC4859344 Diarrhea reduces the levels of butyrate and acetate and increases succinate (80-fold, p < 0.01) (Figure 4D), mirroring the changes that occur after antibiotic treatment. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004751 Phenotype 6df8896a-c46d-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 25200769 Diarrhea and Enteritis Infection with MAP causes chronic infectious enteritis in domestic and wild ruminants. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D053609 Phenotype c1d74b26-ea19-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.beem.2024.101941 The mice exhibited lethargy, reduced mobility, respiratory distress, diarrhea, dehydration, and ruffing of fur. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005759 Phenotype 47ca1072-2c7f-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0736-4679(02)00500-0 However, this finding does suggest that infectious diarrhea presenting in the summer season, or in warmer environmental temperatures, increases the likelihood of bacterial gastroenteritis. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005759 Phenotype 47a85c9a-3360-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 25575412 The surveillance of acute diarrhea also allowed identifying a seasonal epidemic of gastroenteritis with a peak in late August-early September, shortly after the beginning of the school year. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014693 Phenotype 6e88a530-3749-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26410815 Thevetia peruvianainduces cardiotoxicity (sinus bradycardia and other arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, and/or ventricular fibrillation), as well as alterations in the gastrointestinal (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), and neurological systems (tremor, drowsiness, ataxia, and visual disturbances) (Bandara et al., 2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005905 Phenotype 7703b82a-bc4a-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.091 Tukey's post-hoc test shows that nicotine itself reduced the jumping and diarrhea response, and for all doses of glibenclamide significant differences in the presence and absence of nicotine in both jumping and diarrhea response were observed. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003404 Phenotype 08fe3d26-390e-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 27502721 However, diarrhea (19% versus 27%;P= 0.033), dizziness (5% versus 11%;P= 0.016), increased serum creatinine values (7% versus 14%;P= 0.019) as well as other renal disorders (10% versus 18%;P= 0.031) were more frequently observed when BSA was adjusted (Table 2). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D001991 Phenotype 16c83a96-c851-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.010 Adverse events that were greater than or equal to 1% and greater in ruxolitinib-treated groups than vehicle were nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, ear infection, increased eosinophil count, urticaria, diarrhea, folliculitis, tonsillitis, and rhinorrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003371 Phenotype 83639bca-1c72-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329 Patients in the LB cohort reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial and/or viral infection, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infection, headache, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremor during 2nd line treatment and 18-months of followed-up. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype 52beb826-c46e-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC4468583 The most common AEs resulting in dose reductions included thrombocytopenia, diarrhea (each 12%), nausea (5%), decreased appetite, dehydration, neutropenia, and vomiting (each 3%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype fe1f1268-bc23-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.063 Clinical symptoms of the OTA poisoning included anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, tenesmus, bloody diarrhea, increased body temperature, tonsillitis, dehydration, and prostration. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 6e1d3048-bbe5-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.10.010 The kitten died 3 weeks after birth from dehydration caused by diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 3c844274-1a63-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aan.2024.07.008 Persistent diarrhea may increase the risk of dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 0bfbf946-c476-11e5-85e4-001a4ae51246 26351768 Around 1970, ORS was developed in order to correct dehydration caused by severe infectious diarrhea, particularly cholera-related diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype e5568ee0-46b7-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.09.011 Its typical symptom is severe watery diarrhea, which can rapidly lead to dehydration and even death if not properly treated[15]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype ff145e12-3953-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 10936348 The recipient suffered from severe diarrhea and appetite loss, which caused dehydration and malnutrition. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype ff59455a-1c17-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.3168/jds.2023-23780 Diarrhea specifically has been shown to cause dehydration, anorexia, and reduced immune function (Schinwald et al., 2022), which are all risk factors for the development of RESP (Gorden and Plummer, 2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype b6b71b3e-374e-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 28912049 At 9months old, the patient developed profuse Rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis resulting in recurrent and persistent diarrhea episodes causing severe dehydration and inadequate perfusion. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype db6d47a8-1a51-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106346 Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mucositis can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and further deterioration of health [73]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype 922ad6e4-00ae-11f0-9a20-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103965 Sacituzumab govitecan is an anti-Trop-2 ADC delivering SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, approved for metastatic breast cancer and urothelial carcinoma.88-90While efficacy in patients aged ≥65 years is comparable to that in younger patients, older individuals may experience higher rates of AEs leading to dose reductions.91Management strategies for older patients include proactive monitoring of blood counts, early initiation of colony-stimulating factors to mitigate neutropenia, and prompt treatment of diarrhea with antidiarrheal agents to prevent dehydration and renal impairment. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014839 Phenotype 08a84b66-c682-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.apjon.2023.100343 After applying the natural language processing model, we identified additional symptom phrases relevant to those seed symptoms to capture various symptom expressions written in the clinical notes.25For example, identified synonym expressions for gastrointestinal issues included bloating symptoms, bloated feeling, gas bloating, constipating, diarrhea, reduced appetite, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, morning vomiting, recurrent vomiting, intermittent vomiting, constipated, intractable vomiting, diarrhea vomiting, nauseated, persistent vomiting, nausea, emesis, nausea sickness, nauseous, and so on. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D014839 Phenotype 0fd0ce6c-00a2-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176952 Second, AKT inhibitors can significantly increase the overall risk of diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and rash and more severely increase the risk of nausea and vomiting, with moderate to high GRADE (Fig. 3B,Fig. S5). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0060073 Phenotype edc53adc-4878-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.11.004 Symptoms of an infection can include chills, fever, body aches, diarrhea, decreased urination, nausea and vomiting, rapid pulse, dizziness or lightheadedness, cough (sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus), painful urination, bloody urine, and inflamed wound sites. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014202 Phenotype 52121d46-bc3f-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.pestbp.2003.11.001 Signs of toxicity observed during start of the experiment in both dose groups include: salivation, lacrymation, diarrhea, decreased respiration, and whole body tremor. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006987 Phenotype 5b26ecfa-3905-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28934673 The effects of ingesting barium include gastrointestinal disturbance and muscular weakness, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness (Long et al., 2015a). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001247 Phenotype f40755f2-3529-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 25316657 MTD was determined to be 1000mg BID with nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased appetite and asthenia as the most frequent toxicities. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001247 Phenotype d8ade106-04b4-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2024.100666 The most common of these included diarrhea (40% in combination cohort and 42% in single-agent cabozantinib cohort), fatigue (28% and 19%), decreased appetite (25% and 23%), nausea (22% and 42%), and asthenia (22% and 32%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013921 Phenotype 90002664-352a-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 25783620 During the combination therapy phase, adverse events in patients treated with interval debulking surgery (IDS) were nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite and thrombocytopenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D002784 Phenotype dae8302c-1a51-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117641 Common side effects associated with the use of these drugs include diarrhea, nausea, increased LDL cholesterol, vomiting, pancreatitis, and joint pain, to name a few[18]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases MESH:D002784 Phenotype 8fb45470-051e-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200267 In cases where supplementation of this mineral is required, it is essential to ensure that intake does not exceed the recommended upper limit (40 mg/day), as it may lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, diarrhea, headaches, lowered copper levels, compromised immune response, and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol [114]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001281 Phenotype 6e88a530-3749-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26410815 Thevetia peruvianainduces cardiotoxicity (sinus bradycardia and other arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, and/or ventricular fibrillation), as well as alterations in the gastrointestinal (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), and neurological systems (tremor, drowsiness, ataxia, and visual disturbances) (Bandara et al., 2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004487 Phenotype 410fadc6-0521-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.01.005 Diarrhea and protein-losing enteropathy may cause edema and should be treated with hydration and albumin infusions (Shieh et al., 2023). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D012965 Phenotype 61aae80a-3906-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 28107700 Infective diarrhea can activate electrogenic Cl−secretion, inhibit electroneutral NaCl absorption and, in some cases, down-regulate tight junctional proteins and increase apoptosis[9]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007511 Phenotype 1bf975d0-393b-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 12085041 The indication for colonoscopy in these latter patients was chronic diarrhea, in which the differential diagnosis included low-grade inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, NSAID-induced injury, infectious processes, and mucosal ischemia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015430 Phenotype 4eb14e3e-8754-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104298 Diarrhea can reduce weight gain and, in some cases, damages the gastrointestinal villi. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype e1b1e46e-0554-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152460 Her treatment course was complicated by grade 2 diarrhea causing weight loss, treated with diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) and prednisone (max 60 mg daily). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype 9a468c00-341a-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 17329047 Diarrhea has a significant impact on quality of life and can contribute to malnutrition, weight loss, immunosuppression, and mortality. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype 06cabeb6-1bac-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105855 The sick mice experienced significant weight loss, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and even blood in the stool. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype 275c2804-3c72-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.06.010 The main adverse events (AEs) during treatment were fatigue (40.3%), decreased neutrophil count (26.8%), nausea (23.5%), rash (17.6%), myalgia or arthralgia (11.7%), hypothyroidism (5.0%), diarrhea (3.3%), and liver toxicity (3.3%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005221 Phenotype 683ff1cc-1ba0-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101075 The most common all-grade TRAEs included fatigue (70%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (65%), and diarrhea (57.5%) in the cabozantinib arm; diarrhea (60%), fatigue (57.5%), and acneiform rash (57.5%) in the erlotinib arm; diarrhea (92.3%), fatigue (84.6%), and acneiform rash (64.1%) in the combination arm. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype a5b927de-04c7-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104818 Diarrhea is a GI disturbance that can result from the presence of different pathogens and for example, results from a study (Table 2) examining the effects of BC on HIV-associated diarrhea suggest that colostrum-based supplementation efficiently decreases the frequency of bowel movements and perceived fatigue levels, consequently enhancing the well-being by reducing the symptoms and functionality of the patient (Kaducu et al., 2011). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype 4436496a-3404-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26105190 Adverse events profile was consistent with prior studies with cabozantinib and included grade 3 diarrhea (20%), hypertension (13%), decreased appetite (13%), and fatigue (7%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0030728 Phenotype 177d888a-bbdd-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00108-6 When doses of 35, 50, or 75mg/kg were given to 10 females, respectively, all 30 animals exhibited diarrhea, rough hair coat, lethargy, reduced ovulation rate, and death in one mouse within 24h of treatment. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007970 Phenotype 0718f370-3c7b-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.007 The most frequently reported ADRs were diarrhea, pyrexia, pneumonia, fatigue, increased liver enzymes (AST and ALT), leukopenia and neutropenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003401 Phenotype bddd58e0-1b55-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.04.021 Common adverse events included infection, increased serum creatine, and diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014069 Phenotype fe1f1268-bc23-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.063 Clinical symptoms of the OTA poisoning included anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, tenesmus, bloody diarrhea, increased body temperature, tonsillitis, dehydration, and prostration. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000855 Phenotype ff59455a-1c17-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.3168/jds.2023-23780 Diarrhea specifically has been shown to cause dehydration, anorexia, and reduced immune function (Schinwald et al., 2022), which are all risk factors for the development of RESP (Gorden and Plummer, 2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D018771 Phenotype dae8302c-1a51-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117641 Common side effects associated with the use of these drugs include diarrhea, nausea, increased LDL cholesterol, vomiting, pancreatitis, and joint pain, to name a few[18]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype 6c1eab3a-45a3-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.3168/jds.2021-21080 Diarrhea, frequently observed in cows experiencing HS (Whittow, 1965), can also contribute to metabolic acidosis due to increased loss of fecal HCO3−(Robinson, 2002). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009538 Phenotype 7703b82a-bc4a-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.091 Tukey's post-hoc test shows that nicotine itself reduced the jumping and diarrhea response, and for all doses of glibenclamide significant differences in the presence and absence of nicotine in both jumping and diarrhea response were observed. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006943 Phenotype 07ab9e5c-4584-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.02.004 Side effects of PIK3CA inhibitors include hyperglycemia, increased creatinine, diarrhea, rash (can be severe), and pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease [84]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D011507 Phenotype 05a0ff42-c823-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.03.015 The most common (≥10%) TRAEs were liver function abnormalities and gastrointestinal events and included increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), increased conjugated bilirubin, anemia, increased blood alkaline phosphatase, increased blood bilirubin, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, decreased appetite, asthenia, increased amylase, hyponatremia, blood creatinine increased, hypoalbuminemia, increased unconjugated blood bilirubin, proteinuria, increased blood lactate dehydrogenase, and increased lipase. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009503 Phenotype 0718f370-3c7b-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clml.2022.04.007 The most frequently reported ADRs were diarrhea, pyrexia, pneumonia, fatigue, increased liver enzymes (AST and ALT), leukopenia and neutropenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009503 Phenotype 52beb826-c46e-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC4468583 The most common AEs resulting in dose reductions included thrombocytopenia, diarrhea (each 12%), nausea (5%), decreased appetite, dehydration, neutropenia, and vomiting (each 3%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013988 Phenotype cb8f93a4-c8df-11e5-9624-001a4ae51246 16545650 Potential adverse effects, including diarrhea, neutropenia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, may limit the use of ticlopidine. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000077403 Phenotype cb4c6fc4-394a-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 17498512 Three times daily administration and common adverse effects including dyspepsia, bloating, diarrhea, steatorrhea, and decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may limit the use of orlistat in clinical practice. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009304 Phenotype 16c83a96-c851-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.010 Adverse events that were greater than or equal to 1% and greater in ruxolitinib-treated groups than vehicle were nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, ear infection, increased eosinophil count, urticaria, diarrhea, folliculitis, tonsillitis, and rhinorrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006484 Phenotype ea2e925a-2c1d-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S1078-1439(02)00198-9 Lomotil and Imodium can control radiation-induced diarrhea and cortisone suppositories help reduce anal and rectal discomfort due to inflamed hemorrhoids. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0007155 Phenotype 921d551a-5ca0-11e7-8b40-001a4ae51247 PMC4707972 Upon tissue collection, macroscopic damage was assessed to quantify acute inflammation.17Macroscopic damage assessment scored for the presence of colonic ulcers, hemorrhaging, fecal blood, diarrhea, increased colon wall thickness and adhesion of the colon to the peritoneal cavity and/or other organs. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype a1a15842-c480-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 PMC2949449 We interpret these results as further evidence of a “vicious cycle” of diarrhea and malnutrition in which diarrhea causes undernutrition and, in turn, poor nutritional status predisposes to further, lengthier episodes of diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype ff145e12-3953-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 10936348 The recipient suffered from severe diarrhea and appetite loss, which caused dehydration and malnutrition. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype 924e9c42-1bdd-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102808 The World Health Organization (WHO) explicitly states that diarrhea is the primary cause of malnutrition in children under five (Santosham et al., 2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype db6d47a8-1a51-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106346 Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mucositis can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and further deterioration of health [73]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype 9a468c00-341a-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 17329047 Diarrhea has a significant impact on quality of life and can contribute to malnutrition, weight loss, immunosuppression, and mortality. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000641 Phenotype a720ab04-87af-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104179 Low dietary SBM level reduces the accumulation of protein in the hindgut and subsequently decreases the generation of ammonia and nitrogen, finally, reduces diarrhea (Heo et al., 2008). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009120 Phenotype 5b26ecfa-3905-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28934673 The effects of ingesting barium include gastrointestinal disturbance and muscular weakness, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness (Long et al., 2015a). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D010195 Phenotype dae8302c-1a51-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117641 Common side effects associated with the use of these drugs include diarrhea, nausea, increased LDL cholesterol, vomiting, pancreatitis, and joint pain, to name a few[18]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006261 Phenotype ba9e283a-44bd-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b PMC9419134 The most frequently reported TEAE was headache (5 events in 4 subjects overall [25.0% of subjects]); followed by constipation, diarrhea, back pain, musculoskeletal discomfort, decreased systolic blood pressure, and phlebitis, which occurred as 1 event each (1 subject overall [6.3% of subjects]). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000820 Phenotype f7c41ecc-0ce1-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00161-X The pestiviruses group contains three major pathogens causing farm animal diseases: bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus in cattle, hog cholera virus in swine and border disease (BD) virus in sheep and goats. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0030154 Phenotype 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 Diarrhea can promote colonic inflammatory responses by activating recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR4 signaling in pig macrophages (Zhou et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D007239 Phenotype 83639bca-1c72-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329 Patients in the LB cohort reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial and/or viral infection, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infection, headache, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremor during 2nd line treatment and 18-months of followed-up. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype ff0d753c-3527-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 25239721 Contact isolation was initiated when residents had signs and symptoms of an infection caused by a multidrug-resistant organism,Clostridium difficileinfection, presence of draining and infected wounds pending culture results, unexplained rashes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea without another noninfectious explanation, and signs and symptoms of a respiratory illness. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D007239 Phenotype 0a982750-864f-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100116 Vegetable pectin which is the polymer obtained from polymerization of uronic acids is believed to reduce diarrhea, lower blood cholesterol [32], prevent gastrointestinal infections and slow down the absorption of glucose in diabetic and obese patients [41]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype 16c83a96-c851-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.010 Adverse events that were greater than or equal to 1% and greater in ruxolitinib-treated groups than vehicle were nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, ear infection, increased eosinophil count, urticaria, diarrhea, folliculitis, tonsillitis, and rhinorrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D051379 Phenotype db78b2e6-3c66-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.07.006 Diarrhea (changes in stool consistency,Fig. 1C) and perianal bleeding (Fig. 1D) increased significantly from day three in colitic mice and treatment with APE significantly attenuated these changes in stool consistency and perianal bleeding. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D051379 Phenotype 87107e04-04c7-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134167 Improvement in mice diarrheal condition after treatment with Ms was due to the reason that Eud-Cts-Li-Zn-ATG/Ms and Eud-Cts-Li-Cu-ATG/Ms contained LiZn and LiCu complexes which in addition to provide antidiarrheal effect, maintained nutritional growth, enhance immunity that was compromised in diarrhea induced mice groups. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0008219 Phenotype bbff696e-bc3c-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03379-9 Inflammatory diarrhea causes cell death, with pus and/or blood present in the stool. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003643 Phenotype 177d888a-bbdd-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00108-6 When doses of 35, 50, or 75mg/kg were given to 10 females, respectively, all 30 animals exhibited diarrhea, rough hair coat, lethargy, reduced ovulation rate, and death in one mouse within 24h of treatment. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 48ed22ce-0064-11f0-8027-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.wjam.2024.12.002 excitement, insomnia, vomiting and diarrhea, which would cause respiratory depression and even death in severe cases. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype e5568ee0-46b7-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.09.011 Its typical symptom is severe watery diarrhea, which can rapidly lead to dehydration and even death if not properly treated[15]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 410fadc6-0521-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.01.005 Some presentations have resulted in intractable diarrhea and infections, which can lead to death by age 2 (Jaouad et al., 2014;Shieh et al., 2023). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003643 Phenotype 052aa10a-1be5-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.003 The impact of lectin toxicity in livestock includes reduced growth, diarrhea, interference with nutrient absorption, liver, local necrosis, fatty degeneration, local hemorrhage, depressed vitamin B and D utilization, reduced fatty acid absorption, acute gastrointestinal symptoms or even death. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0006954 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Vitamin A (18,000 IU/kg) attenuates irinotecan-induced diarrhea in weaned piglets by modulating intestinal glial and immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response (Li et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Vitamin A (18,000 IU/kg) attenuates irinotecan-induced diarrhea in weaned piglets by modulating intestinal glial and immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response (Li et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013577 Phenotype a7a154d6-bc10-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.021 Noteworthy, we observed other signs such as weight loss, diarrhea and paw tremor that were seen following naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in a number of mice. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006973 Phenotype e5998970-3512-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26802147 SAEs with a frequency of more than 5% considered related to sorafenib were anemia, diarrhea, increased lipase, PPES, and hypertension. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0120054 Phenotype d0574602-1bff-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.028 Bio-adhesion and retention in colon is pivotal in prolonged drug retention for inflammation remission since the abnormal intestinal motility caused by diarrhea in IBD. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D001663 Phenotype 0860b8a6-3906-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5834093 The most common (≥25%) drug-related adverse events were rash, diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, mucositis, pruritus, vomiting, increased bilirubin and dry skin (Table 2). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001663 Phenotype 05a0ff42-c823-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.03.015 The most common (≥10%) TRAEs were liver function abnormalities and gastrointestinal events and included increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), increased conjugated bilirubin, anemia, increased blood alkaline phosphatase, increased blood bilirubin, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, decreased appetite, asthenia, increased amylase, hyponatremia, blood creatinine increased, hypoalbuminemia, increased unconjugated blood bilirubin, proteinuria, increased blood lactate dehydrogenase, and increased lipase. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0007165 Phenotype 95add834-1be3-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.004 Furthermore, diarrhea activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, which regulates the inflammatory response and markedly diminishes the absorption of intestinal fatty acids in piglets, particularly medium-chain fatty acids (Zong et al., 2019). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0007165 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Niacin also attenuated the inflammatory response and diarrhea induced by PDCoV infection in weaned piglets by inhibiting the activation of the TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in the intestine (Chen et al., 2022). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009584 Phenotype a720ab04-87af-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104179 Low dietary SBM level reduces the accumulation of protein in the hindgut and subsequently decreases the generation of ammonia and nitrogen, finally, reduces diarrhea (Heo et al., 2008). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 decreases MESH:D016572 Phenotype 2493b488-351e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 28964473 Diarrhea quickly reduces circulating serum cyclosporine levels13; in contrast, tacrolimus levels frequently increase with episodes of gastroenteritis.5Frequent monitoring of blood levels is essential to assure adequate efficacy and to avoid toxicity. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D016572 Phenotype 3fe43732-3aa3-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 25847333 In rats receiving pCsA 10mg/kg and both dosages of Sandimmune®i.p., soft feces or diarrhea was significantly induced after acute and during chronic treatment and returned to normality after discontinuation of treatment (Fig. 5N–P). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0009293 Phenotype 96281d42-c91e-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160304 Importantly, our study showed that multiple ARGs exhibited significant positive associations withCaudovirales(Siphoviridae,Podoviridae, andMyoviridae), and diarrhea also led to a significant increase in the abundance of phages carrying ARGs and MGE genes (including integrase genes) in the feces, which would facilitate the integration of phage genomes into bacterial genomes, thereby increasing the transduction of ARGs in bacterial communities. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001835 Phenotype a69313c2-3747-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 26784390 ) IXN did not show any visible toxicity (body weight loss, skin or behavioral changes, signs of gastric toxicity such as diarrhea or vomiting) during 14 days of observation. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001835 Phenotype 697408b8-8666-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108442 In the 25 mg/kg arm of the TSC trial, the most commonly reported adverse events were elevated transaminases, pyrexia, vomiting, decreased appetite, decreased body weight, nausea, diarrhea and anemia, with 11% of patients on CBD (versus 3% of those on placebo) discontinuing due to adverse events (Epidiolex, 2020). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D001835 Phenotype 339f03f8-3404-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26102009 During the total experiment, the mice from acetic acid-treatment developed typical signs of colitis including bloody diarrhea, poor coat quality, reduced mobility and body weight loss. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D000740 Phenotype 83639bca-1c72-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329 Patients in the LB cohort reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial and/or viral infection, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infection, headache, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremor during 2nd line treatment and 18-months of followed-up. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007037 Phenotype b9af175c-3900-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26351153 The investigators report the most common irAE were rash 27%, pruritus and diarrhea (18% each), increased ALT (12%), and hypothyroidism (9%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007037 Phenotype c851d906-3c69-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 PMC9463376 Fifty-five patients (58.5%) had treatment-related AEs; the most common (>5% incidence) AEs were pruritus (11.7%), fatigue (9.6%), diarrhea (8.5%), asthenia (7.4%), nausea (6.4%), increased aspartate aminotransferase, and hypothyroidism (each 5.3%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013927 Phenotype 494b5f3e-4573-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 PMC9375550 The main clinical effects, which can already be observed after only a week of treatment, are the improvement of the patient’s overall condition, normalization of hypoglycemia, vomiting, and diarrhea, decreased risk of thrombosis, and improved growth [13,41]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D052016 Phenotype f73283c4-ea07-11ef-999a-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.10.058 The most common side effects registered in women treated with MTX in this study include gastro-intestinal complaints (diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea), dizziness, reddened eyes, decreased appetite and oral mucositis. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D052016 Phenotype 9d07e4ca-341a-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 17329030 As cancer patients often suffer from glutamine depletion, attempts have been made to supplement their diet with the aim to ameliorate the incidence or severity of mucositis caused by chemotherapy, diarrhea associated with irinotecan, neurotoxicity elicited by paclitaxel and anthracycline cardiotoxicity. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D060085 Phenotype 862b8e0c-1b65-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102040 Interestingly, in tissue-invasive cases where diarrhea was a presenting symptom, co-infection causing diarrhea was noted in 17 (18.5%) of 92 diarrhea cases. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005227 Phenotype 052aa10a-1be5-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.003 The impact of lectin toxicity in livestock includes reduced growth, diarrhea, interference with nutrient absorption, liver, local necrosis, fatty degeneration, local hemorrhage, depressed vitamin B and D utilization, reduced fatty acid absorption, acute gastrointestinal symptoms or even death. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype 65f35536-abaf-11e6-9646-001a4ae51246 25998519 Chemotherapy drugs are often toxic, often causes bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, infertility or other side effects. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype 90002664-352a-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 25783620 During the combination therapy phase, adverse events in patients treated with interval debulking surgery (IDS) were nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite and thrombocytopenia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype 7aa0e1c8-376e-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 16730784 Public transportation conversely requires multiple transfers to travel from the average patient's zip code area to M. D. Anderson and may be even more difficult for patients with radiation-induced diarrhea or chemotherapy-induced nausea and/or vomiting. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype d8ade106-04b4-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2024.100666 The most common of these included diarrhea (40% in combination cohort and 42% in single-agent cabozantinib cohort), fatigue (28% and 19%), decreased appetite (25% and 23%), nausea (22% and 42%), and asthenia (22% and 32%). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype 3157f2e2-ea0c-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clon.2024.10.034 PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with kinase inhibitors showed a statistically significant increase in the RR for nonserious nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, dyspnea, rash, diarrhea, and pyrexia/fever. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype 0fd0ce6c-00a2-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176952 Second, AKT inhibitors can significantly increase the overall risk of diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and rash and more severely increase the risk of nausea and vomiting, with moderate to high GRADE (Fig. 3B,Fig. S5). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype b77482d0-3403-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 26072396 Secondary outcomes reported by clinicians included general side effects (dizziness, shivers, fever, general malaise), gastrointestinal side effects (stomach ache, diarrhea, reduced appetite, nausea, and vomiting), hepatic side effects (cholestasis, cholangitis, hepatitis, and steatosis), dermatological side-effects (hair loss, warts, and skin rash), myalgia, and arthralgia. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005334 Phenotype 83639bca-1c72-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329 Patients in the LB cohort reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial and/or viral infection, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infection, headache, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremor during 2nd line treatment and 18-months of followed-up. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005334 Phenotype c9888606-1c0e-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116787 They differ in treatment effects regarding to hepatic pains, kidney stonesresp pains, lung edema, wound infections, fever caused by bacterial and viral infections, poisonous ulcers, carbuncle, malignant stomach neoplasia, gastrio-intestinal disorders, diarrhea, mastitis, gonorrhea, and women's vaginitis, diuretic etc., resp. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011014 Phenotype 39829420-bc4b-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036 One patient (10) presented at 3 months of age with failure to thrive, interstitial pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus infection,Aspergilluspneumonia, and protracted diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011014 Phenotype 74346158-e9f4-11ef-b5b7-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107514 More importantly, when other common diarrhea causing bacteria, includingEnterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumonia, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli,were used as the target, there were still no positive signals. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D008055 Phenotype 0f118320-3388-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 27086887 The common features in children with malabsorption are: diarrhea, faltering growth, abdominal distension or bloating and towards the end loss of subcutaneous fat with prominent skin folds. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0120056 Phenotype acab7aaa-352c-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 27915009 Moreover, in case of GI disorders (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease), episodes of diarrhea can reduce colonic transit times in such a way that drug delivery at the site of the colon will be inefficient (van der Sijp et al., 1993). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003248 Phenotype 83639bca-1c72-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329 Patients in the LB cohort reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial and/or viral infection, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infection, headache, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremor during 2nd line treatment and 18-months of followed-up. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D010689 Phenotype ba9e283a-44bd-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b PMC9419134 The most frequently reported TEAE was headache (5 events in 4 subjects overall [25.0% of subjects]); followed by constipation, diarrhea, back pain, musculoskeletal discomfort, decreased systolic blood pressure, and phlebitis, which occurred as 1 event each (1 subject overall [6.3% of subjects]). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:CDKN1 ProteinFamily 73cc920a-3405-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 28602517 Symptomatic diarrhea is necessary for recurrent CDI with or without stool test, for it often takes treated patient several weeks to months to shed spores (Dupont et al., 2016). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:G:i ProteinFamily 034ffc6c-0502-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104517 Gastrointestinal(GI) syndrome Radiation exposure greater than 6 Gy can cause severe damage to the GI tract (Charles, 2008) by disrupting the mucosal lining of the GI tract, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases FPLX:HDL ProteinFamily 8fb45470-051e-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200267 In cases where supplementation of this mineral is required, it is essential to ensure that intake does not exceed the recommended upper limit (40 mg/day), as it may lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, diarrhea, headaches, lowered copper levels, compromised immune response, and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol [114]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates PF:PF07897 ProteinFamily 16c83a96-c851-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.010 Adverse events that were greater than or equal to 1% and greater in ruxolitinib-treated groups than vehicle were nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, ear infection, increased eosinophil count, urticaria, diarrhea, folliculitis, tonsillitis, and rhinorrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:GUCY ProteinFamily 70d32594-c46f-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC5376484 Inherited gain-of-function mutations in guanylyl cyclase cause diarrhea and increase susceptibility to IBD, whereas loss-of-function mutations lead to intestinal obstruction and meconium ileus.141Gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 cause an IPEX-like syndrome with enteropathy,116whereas loss-of-function mutations are found in patients with autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.142Loss of TTC7A activity results in multiple intestinal atresia and SCID,36,37,143whereas hypomorphic mutations cause VEOIBD.38Similarly, loss-of-function variants cause classic SCID defects, whereas hypomorphic variants in the same genes allow residual oligoclonal T-cell activation and are associated with immunopathology, including colitis. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:Interferon ProteinFamily 3fd1416a-bbd7-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4422013 Anti-viral and antimicrobial activities of XN HSC activation occurs in response to hepatocellular injury, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a one of the major causes of liver infectious diseases.In vitrostudies using virus that causes bovine diarrhea (bovine viral diarrhea virus - BVDV E2), which shows considerable similarities with the human HCV, showed that XN inhibits BVDV replication and enhanced the anti-viral activity of interferon (IFN)-α (Buckwold et al.,2004; Zhang et al.,2009,2010). 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates PF:PF00151 ProteinFamily e5998970-3512-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26802147 SAEs with a frequency of more than 5% considered related to sorafenib were anemia, diarrhea, increased lipase, PPES, and hypertension. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:P09848 Protein 65e0a572-dbff-11e7-a331-001a4a160176 PMC5698251 Antibiotics-induced diarrhea reduced the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents and decreased lactase activity by altering the number of lactase-producing strains or reducing the number of key lactase strains.|||Antibiotics-induced diarrhea reduced the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents and decreased lactase activity by altering the number of lactase-producing strains or reducing the number of key lactase strains, leading to diarrhea. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q96RK0 Protein 1002560e-3407-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 28545907 Chemotherapy-induced GI dysfunction is particularly prevalent amongst all cancer sufferers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) patients being particularly susceptible to chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and chemotherapy-induced constipation (CIC)[16].|||Furthermore, the incidence of chronic post-treatment chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and chemotherapy-induced constipation (CIC) amongst cancer survivors has been estimated to be as high as 49% with episodes persisting up to 10 years after the cessation of treatment[11,14,15]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:A8K7I4 Protein bdbbc76a-0558-11f0-9c9e-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.009 Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding interaction dynamics between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and the chloride channels involved in secretory diarrhea [calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)].|||SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein interacts with calcium and chloride channel proteins in molecular docking study Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding interaction dynamics between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and the chloride channels involved in secretory diarrhea [calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)]. 4 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D002368 Phenotype b9258796-3363-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 18191353 Diarrhea was induced in rats by orally administering castor oil (2mL) as previously described in Section2.4.|||The diarrhea inducing property of castor oil is known to be due to ricinoleic acid that causes local irritation and stimulates intestinal motility (McQuaid, 2004). 4 FPLX:FOS:family activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 9eebb6f6-ea1e-11ef-999a-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.03.002 For example, when mice were subclinically administered the diarrhea-causing pathogenCampylobacter jejuni, an increase in anxiety-related behavior and Fos gene-positive cells in vagal afferents and the NTS was observed.29In addition, vagotomy has been found to block both the cognitive and electrophysiological effects of a prebiotic that promotes the growth of advantageous bacteria and the therapeutic effects ofLactobacillus rhamnosusJB-1 on anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors.30 Studies assessing the effects of electrical stimulation also have contributed to the understanding of this pathway. 4 CHEBI:29101 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 8200eb4a-3f98-11e6-88fc-001a4ae51247 17410043 Supportive therapy included the use of loperamide or diphenoxylate sodium for irinotecan-induced diarrhea and atropine at the package insert dose of 0.25 to 1 mg for lacrimation, diaphoresis, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, or other symptoms of early cholinergic syndrome induced by irinotecan. 4 CHEBI:29101 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 056e13a0-3933-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16230079 Third, fecal sodium excretion in our patient was even less than in normal subjects with PEG-induced diarrhea, indicating that sodium absorption in our patient was not impaired and may have been stimulated. 4 CHEBI:29101 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical af3b2ebc-bc22-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4629408 Sodium chenodeoxycholate Bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), previously used for dissolution of gallstones, are known to elicit diarrhea at high doses in healthy controls and constipation patients46. 4 MESH:D004194 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a66f6e8-efc3-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00003-5 Diabetes is associated with a number of diseases that cause diarrhea and steatorrhea. 4 MESH:D004194 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 356e674c-354d-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 15887158 Hence, they can be confused with carcinoid syndrome or other endocrine diarrhea-producing diseases accompanied by flushing. 4 UNIPROT:P15776 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein af5be448-390e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 27496381 (2b) Specific dietary components may cause or aggravate chronic diarrhea. 4 CHEBI:23359 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical e7daa3d8-3948-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 17067838 Finally, colchicine may induce nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which in turn affect further absorption of the drug[27]. 4 CHEBI:23359 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 3ab42306-3555-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 10701090 The mechanism of action in Behcet’s disease may be due to inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis and metabolism.33Doses of colchicine need to be increased gradually from 0.4 to 0.6 mg daily to 0.6 three times daily to minimize the side effect of diarrhea. 4 CHEBI:8753 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical fbb1ce2a-d46b-11e5-9963-001a4ae51246 PMC4739802 Adoptive transfer of WT BMCMCs, but notFcɛRIα−/−orIl-13−/−BMCMCs, restored diarrhea in FcɛRIα-deficient mice, suggesting that this feature is dependent on IgE-mediated activation of MCs and on the release of IL-13 by MCs. 4 UNIPROT:P55957 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 43ae1fca-341a-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 17678833 A diagnosis of Behçet's syndrome had been made by another rheumatologist, who treated her with colchicine 0.6mg BID, which led to significant improvement but also to chronic diarrhea. 4 MESH:D053609 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 366f6e44-bc27-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.08.010 Typically, after delivery of the bacteria, the animals are monitored hourly/daily for signs of onset of illness/morbidity (often includes increased lethargy, decreased eating and drinking, diarrhea among readily observable endpoints). 4 MESH:D012400 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2f5e03ac-c476-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 PMC4759158 Rotavirus infection causes very rapid inhibition of NHE3, which might be a significant contributor to RV-induced diarrhea, the pathophysiology of which remains poorly understood (37). 4 MESH:D012400 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2b259722-7f6f-11ea-8181-001a4a160175 PMC7112583 Rotavirus infections cause gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting, most commonly in children and infants. 4 MESH:D009181 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 11af28b4-37f7-11e6-9aa8-001a4ae51247 PMC4433840 Despite this genetic heterogeneity, the common phenotype of impaired T-cell immunity means that infants with SCID present with recurring opportunistic infections, classically described in textbooks to includePneumocystis jirovecipneumonia; disseminated BCG infection secondary to vaccination; recurrent diarrhea that may be caused by inadvertent administration of live rotavirus vaccine17; persistent and severe cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, or other viral infections; oral thrush; and invasive bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections. 4 MESH:D000078604 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9afb88e-376f-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 12671901 In addition, the secretagogue 5′-AMP derived from apically transmigrated neutrophils causes secretory diarrhea by directly stimulating electrogenic chloride secretion.58 LX may exert their anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal inflammation via interaction with leukocytes and enterocytes.17In addition to the classical LXA4receptor first identified on cells of the myeloid lineage (described below), an increasing number of epithelial and other resident tissue cells have been shown to express the LXA4receptor. 4 CHEBI:59585 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 33853554-3945-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 15978828 Oral clodronate often causes gastrointestinal disturbances, particularly diarrhea; compliance is often poor because of the large tablet size and multiple daily dosing. 4 CHEBI:48947 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 751934da-ca11-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.020 CDS alerts could then be silenced if a coded drug and reaction type does not necessitate drug avoidance (eg, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid causing the intolerance diarrhea).42This would result in more meaningful allergy alerts and a reduction in alert fatigue. 4 UNIPROT:P49901 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5aeb7c7a-1a57-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136779 The administration of MCS continued for 14 days to induce osmotic diarrhea. 4 UNIPROT:D0ZIB5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein f0234a06-3405-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 28207302 Shiga toxin–producingEscherichia coli(STEC) can cause human foodborne gastrointestinal illnesses (e.g., diarrhea and bloody diarrhea), but conditions may be complicated by neurological and renal sequelae, including the life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome(24,39). 4 UNIPROT:D0ZIB5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 467e13e8-c47f-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC3067718 INTRODUCTION Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) causes cases of diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and hemorrhagic colitis. 4 UNIPROT:D0ZIB5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 0db1a652-8634-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101606 coli(STEC) are potential zoonotic pathogens and can cause mild to bloody diarrhea [6]. 4 UNIPROT:D0ZIB5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 44e90f86-e9de-11ef-b356-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110972 Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, produced by STEC cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea (Mei et al., 2017). 4 CHEBI:16731 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 0536392a-1be5-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007 Dietary supplementation of carvacrol significantly reduced diarrhea rates during 14 to 28 d (P< 0.05), and cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol co-feeding also decreased the rate of diarrhea during 0 to 14 d (P< 0.05). 4 MESH:D004417 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0639c784-00a5-11f0-8027-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118504 The rats in control group behaved normally, whereas those in model group exhibited unusual symptoms including shortness of breath, dull fur, diminished appetite, and diarrhea. 4 FPLX:CDKN1 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 5e3a175a-48a2-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.humic.2016.10.003 Using metagenomics targeted on 16S rRNA to compare the gut microbiota of 12 patients with diarrhea caused by CDI and 12 patients with diarrhea with another cause, it has been revealed that patients without CDI had significantly more species belonging toLactobacillaceae, Rikenellaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Provotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Rhodobacteraceae[34]. 4 FPLX:CDKN1 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 00124354-ae96-11ec-89b1-0050569a791b PMCPMC8461106 Fecal samples from patients with diarrhea caused by CDI and non-CDI were obtained from the clinical microbiology laboratory of University of Virginia after Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol approval (Protocol number: 20813). 4 MESH:D003586 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4fc02466-f0f7-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00375-5 Cytomegalovirus infection can cause a secretory diarrhea, as can adenovirus infection of the pediatric graft recipient.61–64Both viruses may disseminate, causing a viral syndrome or, less commonly, lethal sepsis. 4 CHEBI:73702 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical f26a092c-45e0-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.003 The phenomenon of diarrhea caused by fish lipid wax esters was reported[31]. 4 UNIPROT:O15439 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein d88655e0-bbd6-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC2174212 Given that MK571 inhibits MRP4 activity and thus cAMP transport, leading to CFTR Cl−channel activation as demonstrated in the above-described studies, we therefore hypothesized that inhibition of MRP4 can induce secretory diarrhea in mice. 4 CHEBI:131686 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 9a14321c-ab97-11e6-90f5-001a4ae51247 PMC4607763 Because CFTR plays an important role in regulating fluid homeostasis across the intestinal epithelia and in the pathogenesis of secretory diarrheas, it is important to conclusively determine the role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in UC.10Ma et al34developed a highly specific thiozolidinone CFTR inhibitor (CFTRinh-172), which significantly attenuated (>50%) cholera toxin-induced diarrhea in mice when administered intraperitoneally (150 μg/kg) or orogavaged (250 μg/kg). 4 MESH:D007443 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a66f6e8-efc3-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00003-5 Rectal examination is mandatory to assess the mucosa, wall defects (e.g., rectocele), or occult intussusception that might cause overflow diarrhea and to assess the anal continence mechanism. 4 MESH:D028361 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0c6a1e0c-c477-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 25766847 MNGIE is a severe, autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder of early adulthood, characterized by painful gastrointestinal dysmotility causing chronic diarrhea and leading to cachexia, progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial myopathy, and severe sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy. 4 UNIPROT:O52792 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 478b4af2-352b-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 25047751 As described above, single or multiple HBGA epitopes are present in HMO, and a cohort study, monitoring NV diarrhea and HMO composition in mother–infant pairs, revealed that mainly fucosylated HMO prevent diarrhea in breast-fed infants [32]. 4 CHEBI:17924 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 08dd2704-1a51-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104790 High levels of sorbitol can lead to bloating, cramps, and diarrhea (Corazza et al., 1988). 4 MESH:D015746 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3776ca16-4585-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102508 The most common AEs noted were related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system and were dose-dependent, with the most common symptoms (in >5% of patients) being nausea, vomiting, constipation, upper abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and diarrhea [26,29–37]. 4 MESH:D015746 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e551bc4a-45bc-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.02.011 During follow-up, some patients with IBD manifested symptoms related to their original IBD (determined by clinicians; n = 5), abdominal pain (n = 9), pouch complications (n = 8), increased bowel movements/diarrhea (n = 8), bowel obstruction (n = 7), rectal bleeding/anemia (n = 5), and surgery-related complications (n = 3). 4 UNIPROT:O05151 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5573be6e-377f-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 10974572 fragilis(ETBF) are known to cause diarrhea in lambs, calves, pigs, and foals(Myers et al., 1984; Myers et al., 1985). 4 UNIPROT:P35225 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5388445a-ee0f-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 PMC4792035 In addition to signals that activate the “epithelial escalator,” the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 contribute to increased muscle contractility, diarrhea, and changes to the mucus that lines the gastrointestinal tract (Cliffe and Grencis, 2004; Cliffe et al., 2005; Hasnain et al., 2011; Herbert et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2009). 4 MESH:D009020 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 290a9c3e-3406-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 28887012 Tapentadol’s MOR affinity is 50-fold less than that of morphine, which appears to translate to a decrease in the typical opioid associated adverse effects such as pruritus, vomiting, decreased GI motility, and diarrhea (Pergolizzi et al., 2012). 4 MESH:D009020 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 71f0f2d2-377f-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 10996409 On the other hand, subacute co-administration of enprofylline (10 or 30 mg kg−1) with morphine (6 mg kg−1) significantly decreased jumping counts and tended to reduce diarrhea score after naloxone challenge (Table 1). 4 MESH:D009020 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b944ecf6-bbe9-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.014 In agreement with previous reports, chronic morphine treatment produced a highly significant increase in withdrawal manifestations such as jumping, paw tremors, rearing, teeth chatter and diarrhea following the naloxone (5mg/kg) challenge compared to the saline treatment (Fig. 2A–E). 4 CHEBI:24996 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 07422178-bbd9-11e5-956b-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.08.009 In the case of rapid fermentation, such as after a large increase in the dose administered, lactate and short-chain fatty acids may be produced at a faster rate than can be absorbed, thus temporarily promoting diarrhea[2]. 4 CHEBI:30769 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical fcaee24a-4856-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.020 According to the available information onwww.Drugs.com, serious effects of consuming citric acid include cramps or muscle twitching, swelling or weight gain, mood changes, weakness, rapid and shallow breathing, a fast heart rate, black or bloody stools, severe diarrhea, a restless feeling, or convulsions, may be caused by heavy consumption of citric acid. 4 UNIPROT:Q13505 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein c7f13dcc-bbe9-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.08.004 Effects of high-dosage MTX on cognitive performance In patients, MTX, in the dosage used as adjuvant chemotherapy in the CMF cocktail, induces a body weight loss of approximately 10% and mild diarrhea[13]. 4 MESH:D000431 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2c391760-3932-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 16678561 Alcohol can cause diarrhea by impairing sodium and water absorption from the small bowel. 4 MESH:D013552 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ee734b4e-468a-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.011 colistrain with beneficial activity, has been employed as probiotic strain in pigs, where it has been shown to prevent the deleterious effects of pathogen-induced secretory diarrhea (Schroeder et al., 2006). 4 UNIPROT:P59665 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 1ef97902-3386-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 26598808 Giesemann et al. reported that three human α-defensins, HNP-1, HNP-3, and enteric HD-5, were able to block the cytotoxicity of toxin B, one of the major virulence factors ofClostridium difficileimplicated in pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea[129]. 4 FPLX:G:i activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily fb370cda-1b79-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.dld.2023.11.025 Other GI disorders that may cause diarrhea, including celiac disease, microscopic colitis or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, have never been associated with ATTRv to date[21]. 4 FPLX:G:i activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 33be4dc2-c8df-11e5-9ad8-001a4ae51247 PMC1868404 This results in the classic wheal and flare reaction in the skin, airway constriction, edema, mucus production in the respiratory tract, and GI irritability that causes diarrhea and vomiting. 4 FPLX:G:i inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 4c1d246a-46ed-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.054 An effective radioprotectant of the GI tract should thus reduce diarrhea and normalize the amount of formed stool. 4 MESH:D002276 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 302f9550-3933-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 16234004 Patients receiving ≤150 μg octreotide per day subcutaneously against flushing and/or diarrhea caused by carcinoid syndrome were accepted to participate. 4 MESH:D002276 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9ef743d2-0d6d-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0167-0115(99)00033-6 A second example has been reported for patients with carcinoid tumors that cause a secretory type of diarrhea associated with elevated levels of circulating guanylin[96]. 4 UNIPROT:P61278 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 101d8588-45a1-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170753 SST inhibited ion secretion and promoted water and sodium absorption of intestinal epithelial cells to improve diarrhea symptoms [24,65,68–70]. 4 MESH:D003345 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7d8fc710-3362-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 9473665 This dose of IL-1 greatly increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels, and also induced signs of illness (diarrhea, somnolescence and curled body posture), while the effects of IL-2 and IL-6 were not remarkable. 4 MESH:D009270 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0d392924-bc50-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.10.012 As shown inTable 1, naloxone-induced diarrhea, teeth chattering and ptosis was observed in all of the morphine-dependent rats. 4 MESH:D009270 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e80633a2-3954-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 10432206 The withdrawal syndrome was observed by placing animals on a diaphanous circular cylinder 35 cm in diameter and 75 cm in height by scoring the withdrawal signs induced by naloxone as follows: jumping and diarrhea, 2 points; ptosis, defecation, wet dog shake, writhing, rearing and grooming, 1 point; with an all-or-none response using a modified method byTagashira and Deway (1984). 4 MESH:D009270 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 788d7fde-3554-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 10204676 Thus, adenosine A2receptor blockade reduced the inhibition of naloxone-induced diarrhea through stimulation of the adenosine A2receptors. 4 MESH:D009270 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 80bc4738-bc4a-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01402-9 Vehicle-pretreated morphine-dependent mice showed naloxone-induced diarrhea (incidence, 10/10), ptosis (incidence, 10/10) and wet-dog shakes (incidence, 10/10). 4 MESH:D009270 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 80bc4738-bc4a-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01402-9 In CRA1000-pretreated morphine-dependent mice, incidence of naloxone-induced diarrhea was significantly reduced (incidence, 1/11). 4 MESH:D003404 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 11306e04-0028-11f0-9f22-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.104106 Other non-hematologic AEs included diarrhea (36.7%), increased creatinine concentration (20%), and neuropathy (6%). 4 MESH:D003404 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 03393eec-3416-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 12148098 Exclusion criteria were the presence or history of peptic ulcer disease, intestinal strictures, chronic diarrhea, renal calculi, metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, osteoporosis, gout, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, arrhythmias, hypercalcemia, decreased endogenous creatinine clearance (≤0.6 mL/min/kg [0.0167 mL/s/kg]), and treatment with drugs that affect acid-base balance or potassium metabolism. 4 UNIPROT:Q13510 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ed5d3ed2-3949-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 17040733 Although there appear to be characteristics similar to cholera toxin in the pathophysiology of diarrhea induced by the parasite, aC. 4 UNIPROT:Q9H171 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein b67c2670-1a3e-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113039 Furthermore, the DAI score reduction in the DSS group significantly increased, indicating the onset of diarrhea and blood in the stool and worsening. 4 UNIPROT:Q9H171 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 22de0f9c-1ad8-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114461 The DSS colitis group exhibited increased DAI, consequently reduced body weight, increased diarrhea, and rectal bleeding among the mice compared to the normal group. 4 UNIPROT:Q9H171 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein edc1fad4-04c1-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133726 Compared with the free-drinking rats, rats exposed to DSS showed obvious clinical features of colitis, including an increased disease activity index (DAI), reduced colonic lengths, serious diarrhea and bleeding symptoms, aggravated mucosal inflammation, mucosal damage and villus degeneration (Fig. 1B-E). 4 MESH:D000077337 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype eb22c87a-394a-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 17498667 or oral, possibly due to differences in pharmacokinetics; oral vorinostat produced fatigue, diarrhea, anorexia and dehydration as major AEs, whereas i.v. 4 MESH:D015282 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3e7c7624-352c-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27590709 Indeed, in a review by Bhattacharya et al. [90] that summarized two randomized trials, four non-randomized studies, and two case-series publications, the authors reported that octreotide reduced chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in 91 % of 88 patients and in 88.52 % patients with drug-resistant chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. 4 MESH:D015282 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e7fef6aa-3747-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26775731 The efficacy of long-acting octreotide (LAO) in preventing the onset of acute diarrhea in patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for rectal or anal cancer was assessed in 233 patients (215 received a 30-mg dose of LAO (n=109) or placebo (n=106) via intramuscular injection) (Zachariah et al., 2010). 4 MESH:D003093 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 24da4c2a-054d-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104436 Ulcerative colitis can cause diarrhea and body weight loss, with severe cases presenting symptoms of hematochezia and even leading to mortality in mice. 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 Castor oil-induced diarrhea Castor oil was used to induce diarrhea according to the method described byAwouters et al. (1993)with some modifications. 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8dc71c70-1c0b-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176289 Taken together, PP exerted potent antidiarrheal effects in castor oil-induced diarrhea in chicks, as the diarrheic secretion was reduced in PP-treated animals compared to the controls, and thein silicostudies revealed higher binding affinities in the almost same location towards the proteins liable for castor oil-induced diarrhea. 4 MESH:D002368 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9e23a706-1b0b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.algal.2024.103586 Pretreatment with PLS in all doses exhibited inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea, with a reduction in the total amount of stool, diarrheal stools, and the severity of diarrhea. 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f8a2d528-3385-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26851499 The result showed that it slightly reduced the intestinal motility, antidiarrheal property of formulation in castor oil induced Diarrhea by reducing purging index value. 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0c022e0a-3513-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 26812679 polyantha(MELP) was evaluated in mice using different models (castor oil-induced diarrhea and propulsive gut motility in mice). 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 806ef7ba-c9db-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100925 Yang et al.[30]used a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice to determine the antidiarrheal effect of GOS. 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 21bce880-3404-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26497766 rhombifoliaroot showed significant antidiarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats and mice (Table 5) (Sarangi et al., 2011). 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 440bf3b0-3aa6-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 27664442 biternatashowed significant antidiarrheal effects in the castor oil induced diarrhea model (p<0.001). 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4f55c5e6-8631-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112649 helioscopiashowed potent antidiarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice (Shalaby et al., 2016). 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 53f87e5c-8610-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113712 In the castor oil-induced diarrhea test, diarrheic score was significantly reduced at doses of extract and reference drug tested (Fig. 4B). 4 MESH:D002368 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 21d62b9e-0916-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.016 While the infusions of the CH-SN mixture exerted a protective effect against the diarrhea-inducing castor oil. 4 CHEBI:36234 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical af3b2ebc-bc22-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4629408 Sodium chenodeoxycholate Bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), previously used for dissolution of gallstones, are known to elicit diarrhea at high doses in healthy controls and constipation patients46. 4 MESH:D005512 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype af5be448-390e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 27496381 (1a) True food allergies are rare causes of chronic diarrhea in adults. 4 CHEBI:32026 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 06146a04-861d-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.010 Poloxamer 338 (at 5000 mg/kg/day) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. 4 MESH:D003085 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2c25d4b0-3406-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 28888208 More importantly,F. caricahas various ethnomedicinal uses such as in treating gastrointestinal (colic, indigestion, loss of appetite and diarrhea), respiratory disorders (sore throats, coughs and bronchial problems), cardiovascular disorders and as anti-inflammatory agent[221]. 4 MESH:D003911 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype d9427aa6-e9e7-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.119157 Dextran sodium sulfate causes severe disease in mice, manifesting as weight loss, pronounced diarrhea, loose stool, and evident blood presence in feces, evaluated through DAI. 4 MESH:D010406 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a57b5e90-3413-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 9950352 Culture medium (RPMI+) consisted of RPMI 1640 (Celox) containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum negative for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and BVDV antibody (Hy-clone) and 0.5% cell culture penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma). 4 MESH:D003553 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3981df1e-1be4-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.009 Furthermore, low-dosage amino acid blends, including leucine, arginine, tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, and cystine, decrease the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets without affecting growth performance (Wessels et al., 2021). 4 MESH:D003092 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype edc1fad4-04c1-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133726 Compared with the free-drinking rats, rats exposed to DSS showed obvious clinical features of colitis, including an increased disease activity index (DAI), reduced colonic lengths, serious diarrhea and bleeding symptoms, aggravated mucosal inflammation, mucosal damage and villus degeneration (Fig. 1B-E). 4 MESH:D014839 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 57790b1e-04d8-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119440 Whereas, lower exposure to cobalt might cause skin rashes, nausea, and vomiting, while prolonged exposure might cause diarrhea, bleeding, coma and even leading to fatal (Area and Area). 4 CHEBI:29036 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical e0950e14-8685-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127139 The existence of Cu(II) in the body increases the risk of cramps, diarrhea, kidney failure and other diseases even in low concentrations. 4 MESH:D016595 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype af3b2ebc-bc22-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4629408 In clinical use, it was found that misoprostol could cause diarrhea. 4 MESH:D000068756 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 53e4e0b0-bc42-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 PMC2259276 In contrast, in the DSS-colitis model, treatment with valsartan decreased the incidence of diarrhea (a major clinical symptom in patients with IBD), by 50% (Fig. 3). 4 UNIPROT:O95760 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 8055a322-5ca6-11e7-86a3-001a4ae51246 PMC4718832 Interleukin-33 (IL-33) was also demonstrated to mediate CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis and severe diarrhea, and inhibition of the IL-33/ST2 pathway could limit mucositis (Guabiraba et al., 2014). 4 MESH:D008278 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 00f440e4-0549-11f0-ac21-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155772 What`s more, it significant decreased the mRNA and protein expression of aquaporins 2 and 3 in the colons of mice with diarrhea and HT-29 cells induced by MgSO4, and then water transfer in apical and lateral mucosal epithelial cells were regulated to alleviate diarrhea (Liu et al., 2014) (Table 4). 4 MESH:D008278 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3f00a8e6-86ea-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 PMC7921875 Magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea model This experiment was carried out according to a method described above, with slight modifications [35]. 4 MESH:D007787 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype db0d1bae-051f-11f0-bd9d-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.110061 Beta-galactosidase, a gene derived fromFirmicutes, alleviates clinical symptoms characterized by lactose malabsorption, which can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence (Romero-Velarde et al., 2019). 4 UNIPROT:Q8HWS3 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein e50b25b8-3512-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26806634 Like NEUROG3 mutations, biallelic mutations of RFX6 in humans also cause intractable diarrhea and diabetes, but differently from the NEUROG3 mutations, theRFX6mutations are associated with other digestive system defects, such as duodenal atresia and gall bladder agenesis (known as the Mitchell–Riley syndrome)[32,39,119]. 4 CHEBI:30751 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 2ac7c7b4-3545-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 16458726 The diarrhea is caused by those short-chain fatty acids that escape absorption and pass through the colon. 4 UNIPROT:P59666 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 1ef97902-3386-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 26598808 Giesemann et al. reported that three human α-defensins, HNP-1, HNP-3, and enteric HD-5, were able to block the cytotoxicity of toxin B, one of the major virulence factors ofClostridium difficileimplicated in pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea[129]. 4 UNIPROT:Q9H3U1 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein f2152f16-ea09-11ef-999a-0050569a1f61 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.09.007 Recently, several groups demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in UNC45A cause a severe diarrhea syndrome in humans that mirrors MVID.40–42Because Unc45a and Myo5b function have been linked, we investigated whether loss of Myo5b altered intestinal Unc45a localization. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a66f6e8-efc3-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00003-5 Hepatomegaly with nodularity might be the only finding in patients with carcinoid diarrhea, although flushing is also present in about 80% of patients by the time the tumor burden causes diarrhea. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 5a03a8ac-3aab-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 PMC5285476 The 48-hour stool collection test also can be used to measure fecal bile acids.158 Hormone-secreting tumors are rare causes of secretory diarrhea, typically detected by measuring serum levels of chromogranin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or calcitonin, as well as urine levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 25de3ff8-3545-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 16458841 Watery diarrhea caused by a VIP-secreting tumor is a rare presenting symptom in infants with neuroblastoma; however, it is important to keep this diagnosis in mind when treating patients with intractable diarrhea that does not respond to standard therapeutic maneuvers. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 277866bc-3514-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26505932 Such tumors produce abdominal cramping pain, diarrhea, nausea, and intermittent episodes of flushing. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype cd0b8110-376a-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 9776373 Tumors located in the gastrointestinal tract, for example, may cause constipation or diarrhea[14]. 4 MESH:D009369 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2ac7c7b4-3545-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 16458726 There are rare hormone-producing tumors that induce diarrhea and diabetes, such as those secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, or somatostatin. 4 UNIPROT:P05112 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5388445a-ee0f-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 PMC4792035 In addition to signals that activate the “epithelial escalator,” the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 contribute to increased muscle contractility, diarrhea, and changes to the mucus that lines the gastrointestinal tract (Cliffe and Grencis, 2004; Cliffe et al., 2005; Hasnain et al., 2011; Herbert et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2009). 4 FPLX:PKA activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 652fc6ec-3c66-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102117 It has been speculated that PKA activation by glucocorticoids could contribute to the secretory diarrhea present in MVID [69]. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 9a14321c-ab97-11e6-90f5-001a4ae51247 PMC4607763 To evaluate the contribution of CFTR in DSS-induced diarrhea, 150 μg/kg thiozolidinone CFTR inhibitor (CFTRinh-172) prepared in saline was administered intraperitoneally on the fifth day of DSS treatment after appearance of symptoms of colitis and was given twice per day for 3 days. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein e1e2269a-3402-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 26319951 DSS induces severe illness in mice that is characterized by a dramatic weight loss, evident rectal bleeding and diarrhea. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 441e0ca0-865f-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112001 What's more, bleeding, diarrhea and sticky stools caused by DSS also had been improved in 5-ASA and SP groups. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 35e3b590-bc2f-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 PMC2276699 Both 2.5% and 5% DSS treatments significantly decreased body weight and colon length (seeFigure S1A available online) and elicited severe diarrhea and rectal bleeding (Figure S1B). 4 UNIPROT:P51843 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein e6d0cd2c-c475-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 26320672 Oral intake of DSS induces a severe illness in mice characterized by a dramatic loss of body weight, evident rectal bleeding and diarrhea. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein b67c2670-1a3e-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113039 Furthermore, the DAI score reduction in the DSS group significantly increased, indicating the onset of diarrhea and blood in the stool and worsening. 4 UNIPROT:P51843 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 83b20894-ea06-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.024 cremorisand δT3 significantly reduced DSS-induced fecal bleeding and diarrhea (Fig. 6B). 4 UNIPROT:P49585 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 2943f24c-0544-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104060 Fluorescence studies demonstrated ZnO NP-induced disruption of CT–GM1 interactions, affecting CT binding to the GM1 ganglioside receptor crucial for CT-induced diarrhea initiation. 4 MESH:D015431 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype c2b8df66-04c5-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110286 Birds affected by this disease exhibit various clinical symptoms, including weight loss, reduced food intake, impaired nutrient absorption, dishevelled feathers, pale appearance, diarrhea, dehydration, huddling, and a dull gaze (Adjei-Mensah and Atuahene, 2022). 4 MESH:D015431 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7e23ab84-3415-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16139040 This may produce diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal cramping and bloating, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue (often the result of the anemia), increased skin pigmentation (in 50% of patients) and weakness, which is often preceded by fever and nondeforming arthritis (in 90% of patients). 4 UNIPROT:P01374 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ce3bfbfa-354e-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 17624704 These results indicated that FCE was able to inhibit LT-induced diarrhea, with the IC50value of 2.4±0.6mg/ml. 4 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 29896668-3406-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28887097 More than 30% of patients developed axitinib-related AEs including diarrhea, hypertension, decreased appetite, nausea, hand-foot syndrome, and fatigue. 4 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7e23ab84-3415-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16139040 This may produce diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal cramping and bloating, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue (often the result of the anemia), increased skin pigmentation (in 50% of patients) and weakness, which is often preceded by fever and nondeforming arthritis (in 90% of patients). 4 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a3409f8a-1bc6-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.042 The solicited systemic AEs included fever, fatigue, irritability, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reaction. 4 MESH:D005221 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3157f2e2-ea0c-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clon.2024.10.034 The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and DNA synthesis inhibitors was associated with a statistically significant increase in the RR for serious and nonserious pyrexia/fever, nonserious fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea compared with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 73a13c30-1b8f-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115999 In clinical treatment, SXD is beneficial for alleviating the delayed diarrhea induced by chemotherapy drug irinotecan (CPT-11)[2]. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 32856d46-bc1e-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.010 The use of high dose (60mg/kg) of CPT-11 to rats was to induce significant early and late-onset diarrhea[43]that could be alleviated by coadministered thalidomide. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8200eb4a-3f98-11e6-88fc-001a4ae51247 17410043 Supportive therapy included the use of loperamide or diphenoxylate sodium for irinotecan-induced diarrhea and atropine at the package insert dose of 0.25 to 1 mg for lacrimation, diaphoresis, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, or other symptoms of early cholinergic syndrome induced by irinotecan. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4a9d89f0-f035-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00133-6 Glutamine and irinotecan-induced diarrhea Irinotecan is an important drug for the management of metastatic colorectal cancer, but frequently, diarrhea is dose-limiting(83–85). 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e9c37128-376a-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 9748639 These structural and functional effects were postulated as the main causes of CPT-11 induced diarrhea leading to malabsorption and hypersecretion of mucin. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 963eced6-28b1-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1053/j.scrs.2005.09.008 For example, avoidance of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy would be of particular importance for a violinist or a surgeon, whereas avoidance of irinotecan-induced diarrhea might be more important for a teacher or truck driver. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4103bb8a-c46f-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 PMC4252811 We identified potent and non-lethal inhibitors of bacterial β-glucuronidases that proved effective in living aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and ameliorated irinotecan-induced diarrhea in mice[69]. 4 MESH:D000077146 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a08f4dd2-86f5-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188494 plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckiisubspecies bulgaricus and three strains ofBifidobacteria(Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis), Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium breve), and one strain ofStreptococcus (Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilius)living bacteria decreased the diarrhea induced by irinotecan therapy [48]. 4 CHEBI:67079 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical ae5f67be-351b-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 28865519 Despite initial success in smaller single-center studies,38,39a multicenter trial investigating the use of sulfasalazine, an anti-inflammatory agent to prevent acute diarrhea, was negative, and the authors caution that it may cause an unexpected increase in side effects.40The use of amifostine has also been investigated though initial results were not verified in a larger study.41,42 Patients with refractory enteritis should be monitored for hydration status and malabsorption, especially of vitamin B12 and bile salt. 4 CHEBI:37684 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 924eca04-00ae-11f0-9a20-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105420 Recently, a study found that for patients undergoing chemotherapy, co-administration of mannose could reduce diarrhea and fecal white blood cells. 4 UNIPROT:P13569 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ef7514f0-3aa8-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27765652 In enterocytes of the intestinal villi, intracellular cGMP elevation caused by STa binding to GCC mediates cGMP elevation and stimulates cGKII, leading to phosphorylation and activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which stimulates intestinal fluid secretion and diarrhea (Vaandrager et al., 1998). 4 MESH:D018021 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b8a8f072-0ca1-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00225-0 It was found in previous studies (unpublished observations) that because LiCl produces diarrhea and dehydration in injected animals, an additional access to water on conditioning day resulted in more rapid stabilization of water intakes in the days preceding testing. 4 UNIPROT:P09466 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein a60242dc-2cce-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1053/gast.2001.28680 Mice with PEG-mediated diarrhea had variable and nonsignificant changes in levels of guanylin and uroguanylin in the proximal colon. 4 MESH:D000077144 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype d89df924-3402-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 26343876 Clopidogrel caused less diarrhea, rash, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura than ticlopidine, and so became the preferred thieopyridine for cardiovascular (CV) uses. 4 MESH:D001622 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 160b7686-883f-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114545 Growth performance (Table 2) Supplementation of betaine in the diet linearly increased final body weight and ADG (P< 0.05), linearly decreased diarrhea rate (P< 0.05), and linearly improved FCR (P< 0.05). 4 UNIPROT:P0DMM9 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 8a58e812-459a-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.007 Indeed, multiple animal studies have demonstrated efficacy of oral administration of mAbs to protect against enteric diseases includingSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (STm),Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni), enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC), and rotavirus; all are leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children. 4 MESH:D002446 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a66f6e8-efc3-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00003-5 Celiac disease is rarely associated with diabetes mellitus,34which might also cause diarrhea as a result of dysmotility. 4 MESH:D010304 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 39ca603e-c475-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 25891541 The most common overall AEs (≥50%) were diarrhea, stomatitis, paronychia, dermatitis acneiform, dry skin, decreased weight, and decreased appetite, which were generally mild and manageable. 4 MESH:D045602 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e8d0a9d0-3953-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 10924713 When the drug is ingested with a fat-rich meal, the ensuing steatorrhea can be associated with abdominal pain, urgency to defecate, increased flatus, diarrhea and, in some cases, fecal incontinence. 4 UNIPROT:Q9H7L9 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein c09a4e92-4528-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349 In a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium–induced colitis, both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with SDS3 prevented body weight loss, prevented colon shortening, decreased diarrhea, and improved colonic damage (Sela-Passwell et al., 2011a). 4 UNIPROT:Q9H7L9 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 9d3af4ea-351a-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28636874 In both models, SDS3 treatment reduced body weight loss, prevented colon shortening, decreased diarrhea and improved the histological score. 4 UNIPROT:Q1HG43 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein eadf342a-376a-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 9748650 More than 650 μmol of LA-OOH is recognized to induce diarrhea excreting a part of it through feces [28,29]. 4 PF:PF04127 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 91c9b1ae-bc50-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.06.017 Thus, donepezil has substantial effects on diarrhea itself early on and seems somewhat protective against the diarrhea-inducing effects of DFP later on. 4 MESH:D000855 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 42c6f96c-352b-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 25042431 The classic symptoms of pellagra are generally not observed in infants and children, although anorexia, irritability, anxiety, and apathy have been noted.34Advanced pellagra may cause a symmetric photosensitive dermatitis (e.g., “Casal’s necklace,” butterfly-shaped rash on the face, “glove-like rash”), diarrhea, stomatitis, and neurologic symptoms including anxiety, tremors, and peripheral neuritis. 4 MESH:D000855 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7e23ab84-3415-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 16139040 This may produce diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal cramping and bloating, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue (often the result of the anemia), increased skin pigmentation (in 50% of patients) and weakness, which is often preceded by fever and nondeforming arthritis (in 90% of patients). 4 MESH:D007501 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 08dd2704-1a51-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104790 In African infant populations, iron fortification has altered the microbiota's response to broad-spectrum antibiotics: iron may reduce their efficacy against potential intestinal pathogens, and could potentially increase the risk of diarrhea (Paganini et al., 2019). 4 MESH:D000138 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2f40ad54-375e-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 24792790 Common consequences of ruminal acidosis in dairy cows are decreased DMI, milk fat depression, reduced fiber digestion, loss of body condition, diarrhea, laminitis, rumenitis, liver abscesses, and culling (Kleen et al., 2003;Plaizier et al., 2008). 4 MESH:D009538 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7703b82a-bc4a-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.091 Tukey's post-hoc test shows that nicotine itself reduced the jumping and diarrhea response, and for all doses of glibenclamide significant differences in the presence and absence of nicotine in both jumping and diarrhea response were observed. 4 CHEBI:17716 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 6c18b7b6-3746-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 26233454 In lactose-induced diarrhea on rats, mucosal also showed villus atrophy with a patchy appearance, loss of microvilli, and an imprecise delimitation of cell borders (Bueno et al., 1994). 4 CHEBI:17716 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical ccd72f02-c8de-11e5-a1fd-001a4ae51246 PMC1606509 Pilot tests had confirmed that this diet was well accepted by mice and that it produced no apparent adverse effects (in contrast, regular milk that contained lactose produced diarrhea). 4 UNIPROT:Q9UQ90 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ceac770c-c8e7-11e5-9cb8-001a4ae51247 PMC1934528 However, a combination of histamine H1 antagonist and serotonin (5-HT3) antagonist significantly suppressed PGN-induced diarrhea (8 out 10 mice did not show diarrhea; two mice showed soft feces). 4 IP:IPR005556 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 45e3b6ba-456f-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109946 Sun et al. treated femaleMdr1a−/−, Mrp2−/−andBcrp1−/−mice with 50 mg/kg irinotecan to identify the role of efflux transporters in irinotecan-induced diarrhea (Sun et al., 2020). 4 MESH:D009503 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype cd038066-04e3-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101707 TEAEs related to the study drug, with an incidence rate of ≥20%, included leukopenia (85.0%), neutropenia (75.0%), anemia (70.0%), nausea (52.5%), vomiting (42.5%), fatigue (52.5%), alopecia (25.0%), decreased appetite (27.5%), diarrhea (37.5%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (22.5%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase (20.0%) (Table 2). 4 MESH:D009503 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a47ceb8-3c88-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108106 Generally associated with a favorable safety profile, the most common adverse effects with polatuzumab vedotin-piiq are fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, neutropenia, constipation, decreased appetite. 4 MESH:D005399 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f26a092c-45e0-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.003 The phenomenon of diarrhea caused by fish lipid wax esters was reported[31]. 4 CHEBI:114785 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical ea691e40-3ab0-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 24768708 Erlotinib caused apoptosis and intestinal epithelium injury in C57BL/6J mice To further assess the mechanisms of diarrhea induced by erlotinib in vivo, C57BL/6J mice were administrated daily with vehicle, 4.5, 9, and 18mg/kg erlotinib, respectively. 4 MESH:D008034 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ca80ac72-ea1e-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.005 Polysaccharides ofPanax quinquefolius(WQP) was observed to alleviate antibiotic-associated side effects such as dysbiosis and diarrhea induced by lincomycin [67]. 4 CHEBI:65819 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 75e74c4e-87f7-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104088 On day 7, high-dose eckol treatment was found to exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on the DSS-induced DAI increase (Fig. 1B,p< 0.05), suggesting eckol attenuated symptoms of acute colitis including diarrhea, hematochezia and body weight loss. 4 MESH:D002032 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9f44d218-ef10-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.cpem.2004.05.002 Usually heart rates become normal with refeeding, but patients who present with a normal heart rate with extreme starvation may be at increased risk for cardiac complications.12 For some bulimia nervosa patients prolonged vomiting or diarrhea with the accompanying electrolyte and pH shifts may lead to a variety of arrhyth mias. 4 UNIPROT:Q9Z340 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 1a05114c-3749-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26433560 ESBP, but not ASBP, dramatically reduced the occurrence of diarrhea in a dose-dependent manner (Fig 5,C, and seeFig E6,BandC). 4 FPLX:Interferon inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily ef91c9ca-1aec-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.hlife.2024.07.006 Interferon can reduce diarrhea and flushing and improve the functioning of the immune system. 4 UNIPROT:P00918 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 47d246a0-bc51-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 PMC1978065 Purified NSP4 or the enterotoxic peptide, amino acids (aa) 114–135, induce diarrhea in neonatal mice by a Ca2+-mediated signaling event (Ball et al., 1996; Dong et al., 1997). 4 MESH:D002110 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 70850594-d807-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1053/j.scrs.2006.12.012 Excessive caffeine intake decreases intestinal transit time and can cause diarrhea.4In the distal colon, coffee stimulates motility and promotes defecation.4The methylxanthines in caffeine can also cause secretory diarrhea through the increased production of secretogogues. 4 UNIPROT:P05113 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5388445a-ee0f-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 PMC4792035 In addition to signals that activate the “epithelial escalator,” the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 contribute to increased muscle contractility, diarrhea, and changes to the mucus that lines the gastrointestinal tract (Cliffe and Grencis, 2004; Cliffe et al., 2005; Hasnain et al., 2011; Herbert et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2009). 4 CHEBI:30314 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 42f8ba40-3415-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 16010646 Some researchers suggest that recolonizing the gut with LA will create a healthy microflora and reduce gastrointestinal symptoms associated with harmful bacterial overgrowth.3,13LA may also reduce or prevent antibiotic-induced diarrhea. 4 IP:IPR012853 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 6eb5e3e4-3544-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 16945549 Celecoxib increases CPT-11 cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer xenograft mouse models (HT29 cells and Colon-26 cells in nude mice and BALB/c mice), but it can also decrease the severity of CPT-induced late diarrhea. 4 IP:IPR012853 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 2e76ac08-352d-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 27424081 The mechanism of CPT-induced diarrhea may be including degeneration and necrosis of villi and crypt cells, and inflammatory cytokines lead to loss of the normal histology of the intestinal tissue[43]. 4 MESH:D005472 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a58f7f10-3c76-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154227 Also, 5-Fu decreased hematochezia score of the CRC mice, nevertheless, 5-Fu may induce diarrhea, very likely ascribable to its adverse effect (Fig. 6A–D). 4 MESH:D002241 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 50d84480-c475-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 PMC4404405 Symptoms can include diarrhea, steatorrhea, mucus discharge, urgency, tenesmus, fecal incontinence, and rectal bleeding.19Diarrhea and steatorrhea can be caused by bacterial overgrowth or chronic reduction in bile-salt absorption; diarrhea can also be caused by changes in gastrointestinal transit or carbohydrate malabsorption. 4 MESH:D002241 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f55c3778-376e-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 16473077 Carbohydrate malabsorption caused by SIBO can contribute to diarrhea as a result of metabolism of malabsorbed carbohydrates by bacteria to form short-chain organic acids that, in turn, increase the osmolarity of intestinal fluid. 4 UNIPROT:O14492 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 9fa4eda8-1a50-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137550 APs also relieve diarrhea by increasing the number of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) in the duodenum and ileum [90]. 4 MESH:D010272 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6bb420c0-04b3-11f0-9c9e-0050569a1f61 10.3168/jds.2023-24600 Finally, the practice of allowing kids to graze outdoors with the does has prompted questions regarding potential parasitic infections that can lead to diarrhea and mortality, which could be even more problematic than in cattle farming, given goats' low level of immunity to gastrointestinal parasites (Hoste et al., 2012). 4 UNIPROT:O15068 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein bfe6f4f4-45b5-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 PMC9019253 In addition, mice have a different gut microbiome composition and enzymatic bile acid (re)hydroxylation repertoire leading to a distinct bile acid composition and conjugation.39The mouse bile acid pool is less hydrophobic and toxic which may dampen liver damage and is also much reduced in OSTα- and OSTβ-deficient mice, lowering the level of diarrhea despite the severely affected ileal morphology. 4 MESH:D013280 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 39ca603e-c475-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 25891541 The most common overall AEs (≥50%) were diarrhea, stomatitis, paronychia, dermatitis acneiform, dry skin, decreased weight, and decreased appetite, which were generally mild and manageable. 4 MESH:D006261 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 688c416a-8664-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.039 Among them, adverse events included headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, decreased appetite, nasopharyngitis, irritability, anxiety, palpitations, dizziness, agitation, bruxism, diarrhea, weight decreased, upper respiratory tract infection, constipation, influenza and heart rate increased. 4 MESH:D019804 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype c26f7c6e-3780-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 14609712 Mesalazine may cause rash, headache, nausea, diarrhea, pancreatitis, or blood dyscrasias in up to 5% of patients, and interstitial nephritis occurs in around 1 in 500;135therefore, regular monitoring of renal function is mandatory.125Unlike ulcerative colitis, long-term use of aminosalicylates does not prevent relapse in Crohn's disease.17As prednisolone has long-term side effects it has no routine prophylactic role in IBD. 4 UNIPROT:O95841 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 4894ee98-3522-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 23831050 Based on the current findings, an optimized study can now be designed to fully determine the overall efficacy of ARP1 toward rotavirus-induced diarrhea in infants in general. 4 UNIPROT:O95841 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein fcfba7d0-3385-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26851506 In a phase II clinical trial conducted in Bangladesh, oral ARP1 produced in yeast was demonstrated to be safe and effectively reduced the severity of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in children (Sarker et al., 2013). 4 UNIPROT:O95841 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 52b32580-c476-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 26654700 On the other hand, bivalent anchored ARP1 showed poor protection against RVA-induced diarrhea and was not able to significantly reduce disease prevalence or severity39. 4 MESH:D002945 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3f00a8e6-86ea-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 PMC7921875 Cisplatin-induced diarrhea model Animals were treated with distilled water, a standard drug, JCR, CRAE, and CRME. 4 CHEBI:3440 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 0536392a-1be5-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007 Dietary supplementation of carvacrol significantly reduced diarrhea rates during 14 to 28 d (P< 0.05), and cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol co-feeding also decreased the rate of diarrhea during 0 to 14 d (P< 0.05). 4 CHEBI:32149 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical d9427aa6-e9e7-11ef-b449-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.119157 Dextran sodium sulfate causes severe disease in mice, manifesting as weight loss, pronounced diarrhea, loose stool, and evident blood presence in feces, evaluated through DAI. 4 CHEBI:5181 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical fb10e7f2-0545-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106303 Fucoidan and alginate fromSargassum graminifoliumhad different effects on intestinal flora and allergy symptoms in mice that were allergic to different foods, while both compounds significantly reduced the symptoms of diarrhea, allergic reactions, and jejunal damage in food-allergic mice. 4 MESH:D008070 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e0d65ee0-1bd8-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130257 The related pharmacological studies showed that SCP-Se NPs could alleviate LPS-induced diarrhea and intestinal tissue damage more effectively than SCP, and these results indicated that Se nano-modification could enhance its pharmacological activity [96]. 4 MESH:D008070 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4a619d9e-ca02-11e5-b88f-001a4ae51247 PMC1603678 Prior ML-7 treatment failed to inhibit the LPS-induced diarrhea (74.3% ± 1.3% versus 73.5% ± 1.9% water,P> 0.05). 4 MESH:D008070 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 56af627a-0099-11f0-a3d5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113144 The results demonstrated that LPS injection caused significant diarrhea and fecal occult blood in mice. 4 MESH:D008070 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3b2c54f4-003a-11f0-8027-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104688 Also, other phenolic compounds alleviated the lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in piglets (Lu et al., 2022), through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Luo et al., 2022). 4 MESH:D008070 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ed5893e6-f2f6-11e5-96ee-001a4ae51247 14675036 This dose of LPS has been shown to elicit elevation of temperature and diarrhea, accompanied by robust activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis[4, 8]. 4 UNIPROT:P06400 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein fe6c36e4-004b-11f0-9e78-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141749 The mechanisms involved in the diarrhea-reducing properties of RB extend to support the gut barrier function. 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9c2f1334-c8e7-11e5-9624-001a4ae51246 PMC2111118 Unfortunately, untreated SIV infection consistently leads to GI dysfunction and diarrhea, and hence it is not possible to include such a group. 4 MESH:D007239 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ae9b9aec-1a4f-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106568 APO pretreatment protected against the body weight losses and diarrhea induced by ETEC infection, as evidenced by that the body weight losses at day 2, day 3, day 4 post ETEC infection and diarrhea scores at both 24 and 48 h post ETEC infection in the ETEC + APO group were lower (P< 0.05) than that in the ETEC group (Fig. 1A–C). 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 20520b10-3c99-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198767 Experimental studies showed that PAstV infection could cause viremia (Brnić et al., 2013), viral encephalitis (Bailey Arruda et al., 2017;Boros et al., 2017), congenital tremor syndrome (Blomström et al., 2014), moderate diarrhea, growth retardation, and intestinal villi destruction (Fang et al., 2019). 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 47ca1072-2c7f-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0736-4679(02)00500-0 Plesiomonas infections are usually mild and self-limiting, but may contribute to a significant proportion of traveler’s diarrhea in the Far East(23). 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 73a13c30-1b8f-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115999 Most of previous studies focused on the efficacy evaluation and the underlying action mechanism of SXD for treating diarrhea induced by infection or chemotherapy[1,4]. 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype bb2b0fa4-1a7c-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104246 Secondary infections withEscherichia coliand Newcastle disease are common, causing high fever, respiratory distress, severe diarrhea, neurological disorders, and hemorrhaging in mucous and serous membranes (Butt et al., 2019). 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 13e856fe-4527-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b PMC9098804 Rotavirus vaccines have been a great advance in preventing infant mortality from infection-induced diarrhea in the developing world.71Similarly, oral polio vaccine, which effectively targets M cells, has proven to be crucial to preventing paralysis.56These oral vaccines are easily used because they do not require injection and do not need stringent storage conditions. 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8b33710a-0501-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.07.002 Human infections caused byShigellainclude diarrhea (often bloody diarrhea), abdominal pain, stomach cramps, invasive factors, type III secretion system proteins, and toxins, the most important pathogenic factors (Gray et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2016). 4 MESH:D007239 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f2fe1aa8-37a4-11e6-9aa8-001a4ae51247 PMC4822755 Most of these infections cause self-limiting diarrhea and do not require antimicrobial treatment. 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 61709d48-338f-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 15518884 The actions of ST to stimulate secretion and to increase the propulsive power of the intestine may contribute to the diarrhea caused by infection of the intestine with ST-secreting bacteria. 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 7b41b06a-04aa-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.chom.2024.08.013 Furthermore, we sought to directly infect pups using the WU23 enteric virus at P9 (Figure 1G), since WU23 infection may cause diarrhea in mouse pups younger than P5.20Additionally, breastmilk has been found to reduce virus colonization in the gut.17In a pilot study, we observed that FF mouse pups gavaged with 5 × 107TCID50units of WU23 exhibited gut colonization levels similar to those of BF and HMF pups infected with 5 × 108TCID50units of WU23 after 2 days post-infection (dpi) (Figure S2P). 4 MESH:D007239 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ae462f7f-7f6f-11ea-bf13-001a4a160176 PMC7117107 difficileinfection in foals (Arroyo et al., 2004), and an estimated rate of natural calf diarrhea of 20% (Larson et al., 1998), indicated that two groups ≥12 calves would provide adequate study power (73%) if natural diarrhea occurred in ≤25% (3/12) of controls, and if infection induced diarrhea in >83% (10/12) of calves. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9a14321c-ab97-11e6-90f5-001a4ae51247 PMC4607763 These studies suggested that mice lacking NHERF2 were protected against DSS- and TNBS-induced diarrhea and that NHERF2 is required to mediate the functional coupling between CFTR and iNOS that may contribute to the diarrheal manifestation of DSS in WT mice with intact NHERF2. 4 MESH:D051379 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype fb10e7f2-0545-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106303 Fucoidan and alginate fromSargassum graminifoliumhad different effects on intestinal flora and allergy symptoms in mice that were allergic to different foods, while both compounds significantly reduced the symptoms of diarrhea, allergic reactions, and jejunal damage in food-allergic mice. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 17be8150-bc0f-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.004 Ablation of the Na/H exchanger 3 in mice causes diarrhea and colonic hyperplasia[71], which is similar to what is seen in K8-null mice (K8-null mice also develop colitis[72]). 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 788d7fde-3554-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 10204676 The data indicate that A1receptor activation may reduce jumping and diarrhea induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype fede9682-3409-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5429995 Thus, icv CGRP can induce diarrhea in mice, and olcegepant can significantly decrease the percentage of mice with CGRP-induced diarrhea. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 87107e04-04c7-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134167 colibacteria per mice) bacterial culture to induce diarrhea. 4 MESH:D051379 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 8af98400-3749-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 26166559 However, treatment of bowel-irradiated mice treatment with cell-free, MSC-conditioned medium was observed to mimic the effects of MSC transplantation regarding increased survival, decreased occurrence of diarrhea and improved structural integrity of the irradiated intestines[61]. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9426bafc-04bf-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104962 2B, the feces wet/dry ratio of both groups with broad-spectrum antibiotics were higher compared to those of the control group on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.01), indicating that the antibiotics successfully induced diarrhea in mice. 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 53c8eadc-ee0f-11e5-872c-001a4ae51246 25692702 We next analyzed the sensitivity ofEnpp3−/−mice to allergen-induced diarrhea (Brandt et al., 2003). 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6071cec0-3511-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26297843 To examine the involvement of opioid receptors in the effect of CG in reduction of gastrointestinal motility induced by CG treatment in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model, mice (Swiss strain, 25–30g) were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 animals, (Dicarlo et al., 1994). 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 19d256c4-bc4b-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.009 The importance of allergen-induced intestinal inflammation on eosinophil blood levels is highlighted by the absence of any blood eosinophilia after the intranasal OVA challenge in mice without allergen-induced diarrhea (Fig 2,B, saline/OVA group). 4 MESH:D051379 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype f6174534-3405-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 PMC5722209 The fasting-induced protection against otherwise lethal doses of the chemotherapeutic drugs has been demonstratedin vivo: fasting protects various mouse strains from high-dose etoposide toxicity (Raffaghello et al., 2008; Tinkum et al., 2015), protects CD-1 mice from high-dose doxorubicin (Lee et al., 2010), and protects FabplCre;Apc15lox/+mice against irinotecan induced weight loss, reduced activity, ruffled coat, hunched-back posture, diarrhea, and leukopenia (Huisman et al., 2015). 4 UNIPROT:P01375 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 55dc0064-c46d-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 PMC4253049 EGFP-occludin transgenic mice were also partially protected from TNF-induced increases in leak pathway permeability and completely protected from TNF-induced diarrhea[30]. 4 MESH:D003643 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 406d0f88-1aef-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114146 3a, the body weights of mice in the COL, TD1 and TD2 groups gradually increased from 0 h to 72 h, and no occurrences of death, convulsions, loss of locomotion or diarrhea were observed, similar to those of the negative control group. 4 MESH:D013577 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 302f9550-3933-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 16234004 Patients receiving ≤150 μg octreotide per day subcutaneously against flushing and/or diarrhea caused by carcinoid syndrome were accepted to participate. 4 MESH:D013577 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0dd1dfae-0037-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102285 The most common TEAEs were diarrhea (55% of patients), decreased appetite (29%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) syndrome (28%) (Table 3). 4 MESH:D006973 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ff161272-390b-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 25178997 Grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) were more common with nintedanib and included diarrhea, increased transaminases, hypertension, and fatigue[9]. 4 MESH:D006973 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ec24b626-0534-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.euo.2023.12.001 The most common TRAEs (occurring in ≥20% of all patients) were diarrhea (55.3%), fatigue (50.8%), decreased appetite (38.5%), dysphonia (34.8%), alanine transaminase increase (31.1%), hypertension (30.7%), nausea (29.9%), aspartate aminotransferase increase (29.1%), hypothyroidism (26.6%), weight decrease (21.7%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20.5%). 4 UNIPROT:Q7Z3E5 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ef5dd67c-8df2-11e7-a21f-001a4ae51246 PMC4955745 Ordinal logistic regression modeling of the maximum severity of diarrhea toxicity confirmed that the sulfasalazine arm had nonsignificantly increased acute diarrhea in patients receiving pelvic RT (odds ratio, 1.35;P=.46). 4 MESH:D012701 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 9080e524-1a60-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123153 Injection of exogenous 5-HT triggered colon hyperalgesia and diarrhea in rodent models [131–134], while systemic SERT-knockout mice showed exacerbated colitis and high levels of the neural growth cone marker Gap43 in the intestines [135,136]. 4 MESH:D012701 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 These subtle changes in immune activation may contribute to the diarrhea caused by 5-HT. 4 UNIPROT:P01012 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 47c38746-3404-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26117430 Pre-treatment with TQ (13μg/kg) caused a reduction in intestinal mast cell numbers and MMCP-1 expression compared to the control sample, thereby reducing the overall clinical scores of ovalbumin-induced allergic diarrhea. 4 UNIPROT:P35869 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 They, therefore, can reduce AhR activation and further result in inflammation and diarrhea (Fu et al., 2021;Song et al., 2021;Han et al., 2023). 4 MESH:D014280 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype d84d70ae-4560-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.3168/jds.2021-20687 It has been reported that triglyceride concentration increased in dairy calves with diarrhea due to cytokine activation in diarrheic calves (Khovidhunkit et al., 2000). 4 UNIPROT:P01258 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5fc5b0c2-f1ac-11e5-95fd-001a4ae51246 17928822 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, or calcitonin, secreted by some pheochromocytomas, may cause diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by hypokalemia, hypochlorhydria, or achlorhydria. 4 MESH:D003424 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e3423daa-1bcb-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137712 Crohn's disease may cause diarrhea, steatorrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, as well as anemia, thyroid dysfunction, and decreased bone density in humans. 4 UNIPROT:P36188 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 2f2283ae-cc1e-11e5-a19a-001a4ae51247 9566992 HDP caused diarrhea. 4 MESH:D017294 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e3ff040c-3362-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 16630755 Flushing, however, was not affected.189In addition, ondansetron reduces the postprandial colonic hypertonic response in carcinoid diarrhea to normal levels.190 Histamine 1 receptor blockade (fexofenadine, loratadine, terfenadine, diphenhydramine) is also sometimes of benefit in suppressing skin rashes, particularly in histamine-secreting gastric carcinoid tumors. 4 UNIPROT:Q5T2W1 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 699b4ffc-5cbe-11e7-9833-001a4ae51246 PMC4684461 Although we studied only these two drugs, it seems rational to speculate that MRP4–PDZK1–CFTR complexes play a critical role in other drug-induced secretory diarrhea, especially for drugs that are substrates or inhibitors of MRP4 (Fig. 3)[25]. 4 MESH:D017246 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 0c6a1e0c-c477-11e5-8491-001a4ae51247 25766847 MNGIE is a severe, autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder of early adulthood, characterized by painful gastrointestinal dysmotility causing chronic diarrhea and leading to cachexia, progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial myopathy, and severe sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy. 4 CHEBI:25979 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 00b62880-352c-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27344251 The manufacturer’s material safety data sheet indicates that phenylacetonitrile is highly toxic through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption possibly causing dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Anachemia MSDS, 2013). 4 CHEBI:3746 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 23222f54-1b4d-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132170 In addition, PQPs could decrease the RA ofFirmicutes,Proteobacteria,Bacteroides, andClostridiumin the gut microbiota, whereas PQPs could increase the RA ofBacteroidetes, implying that PQPs can promote the repair of intestinal structure in rats, improve the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, and alleviate the problems of diarrhea and dysbiosis caused by clindamycin phosphate [155]. 4 MESH:D006996 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 15f26e78-3529-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 25805658 In APECED, diarrhea may also be caused by hypoparathyroidism related hypocalcemia. 4 MESH:D011041 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4a5623be-1a4e-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.07.001 Mineral poisoning typically causes anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and impaired animal performance (NRC, 2005). 4 UNIPROT:P02788 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 982609e2-375c-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 24824862 6E, dietary Lf supplementation significantly reduced the frequency of diarrhea by ~47% and ~10%, respectively, compared with the control group. 4 MESH:D001835 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a0ae055e-bbdc-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.05.013 Two kids slaughtered at 16 and 24 weeks of age were excluded from this experiment because their body weights decreased due to acute diarrhea. 4 MESH:D001835 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6b9ebf22-86aa-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104293 However, certain probiotic species (for example, in the genera ofBacillus, Lactobacillus, andStreptococcus) enhanced the milk quality and quantity, litter vitality, piglet body weight, as well as reduced the risk of diarrhea summarized byAsml et al. (2015). 4 UNIPROT:P08603 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 8d496c9a-390e-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 27475991 The more common diarrhea-positive HUS, caused by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC HUS) (Orth and Wurzner, 2010) as well as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (Turner and Moake, 2013) has also been associated with complement alternative pathway activation via mechanisms involving P-selectin and platelet thrombi, respectively. 4 MESH:D007792 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 00f08a78-bc27-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00192-0 Lactulose has an unpleasant taste and causes flatulence and diarrhea. 4 UNIPROT:O75197 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein c46273f0-374e-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 PMC9345417 Effect of OPS on morphologic alterations of the duodenum of allergic mice The above results showed that OPS attenuated the occurrence of allergic diarrhea. 4 MESH:D000707 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2051faea-3386-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 26597331 Diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis included rapid occurrence of 2 or more of the following after exposure to a likely allergen (minutes to several hours): (1) skin and/or mucosal tissue involvement (urticaria, itchiness, flushing, or swelling), (2) respiratory compromise (shortness of breath, wheezes, or stridor), (3) reduced blood pressure or shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), (4) persistent gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, or vomiting)[1]. 4 MESH:D000707 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a67d876e-bbf2-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.019 Host anaphylactic reaction due to parasite antigens released by praziquantel-induced disintegration of the tapeworm tegument may cause colic and diarrhea in praziquantel treated horses with serological evidence of high tapeworm burdens (Barrett et al., 2005). 4 IP:IPR000796 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily ec24b626-0534-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.euo.2023.12.001 The most common TRAEs (occurring in ≥20% of all patients) were diarrhea (55.3%), fatigue (50.8%), decreased appetite (38.5%), dysphonia (34.8%), alanine transaminase increase (31.1%), hypertension (30.7%), nausea (29.9%), aspartate aminotransferase increase (29.1%), hypothyroidism (26.6%), weight decrease (21.7%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20.5%). 4 MESH:D023341 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a234d7a0-f26d-11e5-96ee-001a4ae51247 15840027 Over the period of 1 week he developed fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, chills, fever, decreased urine output, jaundice, diarrhea, and vomiting. 4 MESH:D013411 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 50602308-3514-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 26799806 Since sulfadiazine is used as a veterinary antibiotic to prevent and treat diarrhea and other infectious diseases (Heuer et al., 2008), effluents from these livestock farms could be contaminated and the untreated drug could be discharged into rivers. 4 MESH:D064806 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b1d14de4-3913-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 24290962 Another indication for probiotics is diarrhea associated to antibiotic intake, most often due toClostridium difficile, the colonization of which being promoted by the dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatments. 4 MESH:D007665 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ceac770c-c8e7-11e5-9cb8-001a4ae51247 PMC1934528 Diarrhea was inhibited by the pretreatment with ketotifen in a dose-dependent manner(Figure 5). 4 CHEBI:17996 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical c508b528-3779-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 17236902 In addition, the fecal chloride concentration, which did not exceed the fecal sodium level, did not support the diagnosis of congenital chloride diarrhea. 4 CHEBI:2981 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 461524c0-1ad6-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.joim.2024.09.003 Furthermore, in neonatal mice infected with RV, baicalin was found to decrease the incidence and severity of diarrhea, mitigate weight loss, and improve gluconeogenesis disrupted by RV infection[66]. 4 CHEBI:138366 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 398a5bc6-3910-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5725238 Bile acid modulators Bile acids stimulate colonic secretion and motility causing diarrhea in up to one third of patients with IBS-D. 4 MESH:D006851 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Mechanistically, tannic acid is an inhibitor of CFTR and CaCC, counteracting the control of CFTR and voltage-gated K+channels by pathogenic bacteria and inhibiting Ca2+activation, thereby reducing diarrhea caused by Cl−hypersecretion (Namkung et al., 2010a,b;Ramu et al., 2014;Thiagarajah et al., 2015). 4 MESH:D006851 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype de42df2e-bbe2-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.09.012 Because increased [Ca2+]i in iliac epithelial cells induces Cl−secretion, and Cl−secretion induces diarrhea by increasing water secretion from iliac epithelial cells, we examined the effect of hemolysin on [Ca2+]i in PLAP-transfected 293T cells. 4 MESH:D001285 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 57c3dd2a-3770-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 12219050 Atropine will treat bronchospasm and increased bronchial secretions, bradycardia, gastrointestinal effects of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramps, and may lessen seizure activity. 4 MESH:D001285 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype b17898f4-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26327362 Atropine methylbromide effectively inhibited peripheral effects of pilocarpine including piloerection, salivation, tremor, chromodacryorrhea and diarrhea. 4 CHEBI:12777 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 834bb24a-c8de-11e5-a1fd-001a4ae51246 16614431 The sample size for the overall study was calculated assuming that the study population had a diarrheal disease rate of 3 episodes/child each year and that the vitamin A supplement would reduce the incidence rate of diarrhea by ∼20%. 4 CHEBI:12777 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical a87ecd88-377f-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 10027501 Supplementation with vitamin A of children born to HIV-positive mothers in South Africa reduced the severity of diarrhea and other infections[28]. 4 FPLX:Hemoglobin inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 ProteinFamily 01e662ce-bee6-11e5-babb-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.006 At diagnosis, SMA positive patients had significantly higher values of AAA, increased number of autoimmune disorders, delayed menarche, lower hemoglobin levels, increased fecal alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance and more severe diarrhea. 4 MESH:D000740 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 1fd83064-c6c1-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102314 The most common TEAEs of any grade were diarrhea (39 [95.1%]), vomiting (22 [53.7%]), decreased appetite (19 [46.3%]), and anemia (18 [43.9%]). 4 MESH:D000485 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 19d256c4-bc4b-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.009 The importance of allergen-induced intestinal inflammation on eosinophil blood levels is highlighted by the absence of any blood eosinophilia after the intranasal OVA challenge in mice without allergen-induced diarrhea (Fig 2,B, saline/OVA group). 4 MESH:D000485 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype fbb1ce2a-d46b-11e5-9963-001a4ae51246 PMC4739802 Finally, they demonstrated that treatment with a combination of pharmacological inhibitors of PAF and serotonin blocked diarrhea, whereas the blockade of histamine had no effect on diarrhea.48Wanget al.259reported that, in a model of peanut allergy in BALB/c mice, allergen-induced diarrhea and other features of the response were also partially diminished in mice deficient for the FcɛRIα chain. 4 UNIPROT:P15248 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5388445a-ee0f-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 PMC4792035 In addition to signals that activate the “epithelial escalator,” the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 contribute to increased muscle contractility, diarrhea, and changes to the mucus that lines the gastrointestinal tract (Cliffe and Grencis, 2004; Cliffe et al., 2005; Hasnain et al., 2011; Herbert et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2009). 4 MESH:D007037 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ec24b626-0534-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.euo.2023.12.001 The most common TRAEs (occurring in ≥20% of all patients) were diarrhea (55.3%), fatigue (50.8%), decreased appetite (38.5%), dysphonia (34.8%), alanine transaminase increase (31.1%), hypertension (30.7%), nausea (29.9%), aspartate aminotransferase increase (29.1%), hypothyroidism (26.6%), weight decrease (21.7%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20.5%). 4 UNIPROT:P06850 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 685486a4-bc47-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.11.009 On the other hand, CRH and urocortins stimulate colonic transit and defecation and induce diarrhea through increased sacral parasympathetic outflow to the large intestine in rodents. 4 MESH:D001424 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 00a65762-45b3-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.013 A study conducted in Bangladesh has reported that fecal lactoferrin is not useful in differentiating between inflammatory diarrhea caused by bacterial infections and non-inflammatory diarrhea in children[144]. 4 MESH:D005492 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Studies have shown that folic acid supplementation at 9 mg/kg improved intestinal function and reduces the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets, and supplementation to 18 mg/kg can down-regulate intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reduce intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets (Wang et al., 2021a). 4 UNIPROT:Q9UHK6 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 03402d08-338d-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 16410126 Potential factors associated with pyloric stenosis were identified including age, sex, race, family history of pyloric stenosis, number of days of vomiting, projectile vomiting, increasing vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and laboratory tests (sodium, chloride, potassium, serum bicarbonate, and total bilirubin)[5,7,8]. 4 UNIPROT:O75390 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 064a8636-45d4-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110646 bolteaeATCC BAA-613 CS increased diarrhea (Figure 4B). 4 MESH:D005223 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2aba1a7a-002b-11f0-9e78-0050569a1f61 10.3168/jds.2024-25509 Vegetable fats have been reported to induce diarrhea challenges compared with animal fat sources (Otterby and Linn, 1981,Thornsberry et al., 2016;Kertz et al., 2017). 4 UNIPROT:P08922 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 3981df1e-1be4-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.009 As ROS play critical roles in inducing gut mucositis and diarrhea, the key role of SCAA in clearing free radicals indicates they likely confer beneficial effects against diarrhea. 4 MESH:D055154 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ec24b626-0534-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.euo.2023.12.001 The most common TRAEs (occurring in ≥20% of all patients) were diarrhea (55.3%), fatigue (50.8%), decreased appetite (38.5%), dysphonia (34.8%), alanine transaminase increase (31.1%), hypertension (30.7%), nausea (29.9%), aspartate aminotransferase increase (29.1%), hypothyroidism (26.6%), weight decrease (21.7%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20.5%). 4 CHEBI:74538 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 7c6eafb0-375c-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 24820193 Tuomola et al. (2001)studied thatLactobacillus rhamnosusstrain GG (LGG) yoghurt could prevent diarrhea caused by erythromycin treatment through the use of controlled trials, which showed that LGG could inhabit in the patient's gut and reduce the incidence of diarrhea, flatulence, and other side effects caused by receiving erythromycin therapy. 4 MESH:D060831 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 29896668-3406-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28887097 More than 30% of patients developed axitinib-related AEs including diarrhea, hypertension, decreased appetite, nausea, hand-foot syndrome, and fatigue. 4 CHEBI:142245 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 703d258a-1afa-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140137 Erucamide is a fatty acid amide and inhibits intestinal diarrhea (Hamberger & Stenhagen, 2003). 4 CHEBI:33709 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 3981df1e-1be4-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.009 Combined supplementation with arginine and glutamine, rather than single amino acid supplementation, more strongly promoted villus development in the small intestine and reduced diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets (Shan et al., 2012). 4 CHEBI:17076 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical a57b5e90-3413-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 9950352 Culture medium (RPMI+) consisted of RPMI 1640 (Celox) containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum negative for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and BVDV antibody (Hy-clone) and 0.5% cell culture penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma). 4 MESH:D014777 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 6146e204-1b4b-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006 Typically, viral infections cause outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 42998180-3404-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26100229 The most common all-grade related AEs were fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, neutropenia, rash, vomiting, and diarrhea. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype cd038066-04e3-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101707 TEAEs related to the study drug, with an incidence rate of ≥20%, included leukopenia (85.0%), neutropenia (75.0%), anemia (70.0%), nausea (52.5%), vomiting (42.5%), fatigue (52.5%), alopecia (25.0%), decreased appetite (27.5%), diarrhea (37.5%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (22.5%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase (20.0%) (Table 2). 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3157f2e2-ea0c-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clon.2024.10.034 The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and DNA synthesis inhibitors was associated with a statistically significant increase in the RR for serious and nonserious pyrexia/fever, nonserious fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea compared with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype ec24b626-0534-11f0-baad-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.euo.2023.12.001 The most common TRAEs (occurring in ≥20% of all patients) were diarrhea (55.3%), fatigue (50.8%), decreased appetite (38.5%), dysphonia (34.8%), alanine transaminase increase (31.1%), hypertension (30.7%), nausea (29.9%), aspartate aminotransferase increase (29.1%), hypothyroidism (26.6%), weight decrease (21.7%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20.5%). 4 MESH:D009325 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 57790b1e-04d8-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119440 Whereas, lower exposure to cobalt might cause skin rashes, nausea, and vomiting, while prolonged exposure might cause diarrhea, bleeding, coma and even leading to fatal (Area and Area). 4 MESH:D009325 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 4c560302-bbf6-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.01.015 cereus, are linked to food borne illness causing diarrhea, nausea and vomiting (Tourasse et al., 2006). 4 MESH:D009325 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e69d559c-8611-11f0-9ac3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101514 The most common TEAEs for combination therapy with LY3022855 with durvalumab or tremelimumab (NCT02718911) were fatigue, increased CPK, decreased appetite, nausea, increased AST, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, facial edema, pruritis, and peripheral edema. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 688c416a-8664-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.039 Among them, adverse events included headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, decreased appetite, nasopharyngitis, irritability, anxiety, palpitations, dizziness, agitation, bruxism, diarrhea, weight decreased, upper respiratory tract infection, constipation, influenza and heart rate increased. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3776ca16-4585-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102508 The most common AEs noted were related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system and were dose-dependent, with the most common symptoms (in >5% of patients) being nausea, vomiting, constipation, upper abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and diarrhea [26,29–37]. 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 60f8e888-050c-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.06.004 The most common SSRI side effects are gastrointestinal and include nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, reflux, diarrhea, constipation, and dry mouth (Table 1) (Cipriani et al., 2018; Montgomery, 2005; Oller-Canet et al., 2011; Thompson et al., 2000). 4 MESH:D009325 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 29896668-3406-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28887097 More than 30% of patients developed axitinib-related AEs including diarrhea, hypertension, decreased appetite, nausea, hand-foot syndrome, and fatigue. 4 UNIPROT:P01282 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 5fc5b0c2-f1ac-11e5-95fd-001a4ae51246 17928822 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, or calcitonin, secreted by some pheochromocytomas, may cause diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by hypokalemia, hypochlorhydria, or achlorhydria. 4 MESH:D002771 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype c8d1b258-3405-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5750058 When ToxT is blocked, transcription of the genes encoding cholera toxin, which triggers the hallmark watery diarrhea, and of the toxin-coregulated pilus (Tcp), which promotes intestinal colonization by the pathogen, are both shut off[35]. 4 UNIPROT:P84849 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 6304360c-456f-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.hnm.2022.200147 Raw red kidney beans contain a higher amount of lectin which can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea when these beans are consumed raw. 4 MESH:D005334 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a234d7a0-f26d-11e5-96ee-001a4ae51247 15840027 Over the period of 1 week he developed fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, chills, fever, decreased urine output, jaundice, diarrhea, and vomiting. 4 MESH:D005334 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype cacf636a-3550-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 17166688 Four patients developed mild nonhematological toxicity (WHO grade 1–2), which induced 2 cases of vomiting and diarrhea, 1 case of acute gastritis and 1 case of fever. 4 MESH:D005334 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a3409f8a-1bc6-11f0-aa93-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.042 The solicited systemic AEs included fever, fatigue, irritability, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reaction. 4 MESH:D012493 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype de9d9994-d480-11e5-90d3-001a4ae51247 PMC4308427 Severe SM exposure in humans has been shown to cause epigastric distress, anorexia, diarrhea and cachexia (Balali-Mood, 1986). 4 UNIPROT:Q16623 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 44e90f86-e9de-11ef-b356-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110972 Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, produced by STEC cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea (Mei et al., 2017). 4 GO:0006939 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype e6a5b41c-3916-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 24468252 In the gastrointestinal tract, histamine-induced smooth muscle contraction, plasma extravasation, and glandular secretion can lead to crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. 4 MESH:D008139 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype fa829304-f0ff-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00329-9 In addition to reducing diarrhea, loperamide, given at an adequate dose (i.e., 2 to 4 mg, 30 minutes before meals, up to 16 mg/day) slightly increased internal sphincter tone, thereby reducing incontinence.79In patients who have constipation and diarrhea, effective dose titration to reduce diarrhea, but avoid constipation can be challenging. 4 MESH:D005483 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a2ea0ab2-3550-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 17098402 According to the physician, progressive carcinoid disease is often accompanied by the carcinoid syndrome, which is characterized by diarrhea (DIA) caused by increased bowel motility due to serotonin overproduction, by periodical flushing attacks (FLU) due to the synergistic interaction between various vasoactive agents, and sometimes by wheezing (WHE). 4 UNIPROT:Q6UWY2 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 61f5b1c8-bc4e-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.025 Exogenously added NSP4 induces diarrhea in rodent pups and stimulates secretory chloride currents across intestinal segments. 4 UNIPROT:Q08117 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 922ad6e4-00ae-11f0-9a20-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103965 Sacituzumab govitecan is an anti-Trop-2 ADC delivering SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, approved for metastatic breast cancer and urothelial carcinoma.88-90While efficacy in patients aged ≥65 years is comparable to that in younger patients, older individuals may experience higher rates of AEs leading to dose reductions.91Management strategies for older patients include proactive monitoring of blood counts, early initiation of colony-stimulating factors to mitigate neutropenia, and prompt treatment of diarrhea with antidiarrheal agents to prevent dehydration and renal impairment. 4 UNIPROT:Q08117 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein ba0e7fa0-3810-11e6-b56c-001a4ae51246 25646368 This safety profile was confirmed in the 39 patients receiving the RD of 1000 mg/day who experienced 487 AEs, mainly asthenia, decreased appetite, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. 4 UNIPROT:Q08117 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein e5998970-3512-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26802147 The most frequently reported AEs in the placebo–sorafenib arm were: decreased weight, diarrhea and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES) (Table 2). 4 UNIPROT:Q08117 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 42998180-3404-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26100229 The most common all-grade related AEs were fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, neutropenia, rash, vomiting, and diarrhea. 4 MESH:D003248 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2a47ceb8-3c88-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108106 Generally associated with a favorable safety profile, the most common adverse effects with polatuzumab vedotin-piiq are fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, neutropenia, constipation, decreased appetite. 4 MESH:D004415 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 2c25d4b0-3406-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 28888208 More importantly,F. caricahas various ethnomedicinal uses such as in treating gastrointestinal (colic, indigestion, loss of appetite and diarrhea), respiratory disorders (sore throats, coughs and bronchial problems), cardiovascular disorders and as anti-inflammatory agent[221]. 4 MESH:D005891 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 3cf402b8-3360-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 25556349 Referrals were based on a structured list of specific QOL-related concerns, including gastro-intestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, mouth sores and gingivitis, alteration of taste, reduced appetite, weight change, dietary concerns, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain/flatulence/bloating, and heartburn. 4 MESH:D002336 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype a9e253f8-3c6c-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101954 In a dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse model, zinc L-carnosine significantly reduced diarrhea and release of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α and NF-κB[59]. 4 UNIPROT:P83036 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein c3015ecc-bc0d-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.02.009 Two other strains (2264 and 1538) isolated from the Guarapiranga reservoir hybridized with the LT-I probe (heat-labile enterotoxin I gene), specific to ETEC, which can cause liquid diarrhea without blood, and vomiting[20]. 4 UNIPROT:Q08830 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Protein 2f2283ae-cc1e-11e5-a19a-001a4ae51247 9566992 HPS caused diarrhea. 4 CHEBI:27485 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical 90d07fcc-0ca9-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0090-6980(00)00076-9 This study also included the parent compound PGJ2, which produced diarrhea in treated animals, whereas Δ12-PGJ2did not. 4 CHEBI:61397 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical df5167c0-352d-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5662944 The ongoing phase II CONTROL trial is prospectively examining the impact of different loperamide-based prophylaxis regimens on neratinib-induced diarrhea (Ibrahim et al., 2017). 4 CHEBI:30778 activates Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Chemical aee83ad2-bc03-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001 These findings are at variance with earlier findings that GA actually enhances water and Na+absorption in a rat model of chronic-osmotic diarrhea by improving oral rehydration (Teichberg et al., 1999a,b; Wapnir et al., 1997). 4 MESH:D011707 inhibits Diarrhea MESH:D003967 Phenotype 03402d08-338d-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 16410126 Potential factors associated with pyloric stenosis were identified including age, sex, race, family history of pyloric stenosis, number of days of vomiting, projectile vomiting, increasing vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and laboratory tests (sodium, chloride, potassium, serum bicarbonate, and total bilirubin)[5,7,8]. 3 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:72853 Chemical 2e651f46-bc13-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4464255 As with Lin-mice, injection of synthetic 17,18-EpETE during the induction of intestinal allergy decreased the incidence of allergic diarrhea (Figure 6A), but not cholera toxin-induced diarrhea, an example of pathogenic toxin causing diarrhea (Figure 6B), suggesting that 17,18-EpETE specifically inhibits allergy-associated diarrhea. 3 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000740 Phenotype e398c1ba-5c2b-11e7-af4d-001a4ae51247 PMC5303869 In the 15 patients, 8 were reported to have anemia caused by diarrhea, including mild anemia in 5 patients (P4, P10, P19, P26, and P29) and moderate anemia in 3 patients (P5, P15, and P38). 3 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates FPLX:CDKN1 ProteinFamily 4dbdb0a3-f53d-11eb-ad55-001a4a160175 30264164 Acute diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), rotaviral diarrhea, andClostridium difficile-induced (CDI) diarrhea are significantly improved by monoculture or mixed culture of probiotic formulations [4]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P50402 Protein ddd8e55e-3513-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26589454 It is estimated that over two-thirds of human ETEC diarrhea cases and more than one-quarter of porcine ETEC diarrhea cases are caused by STa-producing ETEC strains (Liu et al., 2011; Zhang and Sack, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROTPRO:PRO:0000024969 Protein 1ea4cf08-d418-11e5-b157-001a4ae51247 26551550 The mechanism is believed to be inhibition of the 5-HT3receptor in the myenteric plexus and vagal afferent neurons.21The peristaltic reflex is mediated physiologically by 5-HT3receptors in the myenteric plexus.22Patients with IBS-D show exaggerated colonic motility in response to colonic distension23and secretion of 5-HT.24Abnormal neurotransmission of 5-HT via the 5-HT3receptors has been reported in IBS-D patients.25In rats, ramosetron clearly reduces stress-induced diarrhea and defecation caused by corticotropin-releasing hormone.10,11Ramosetron also increases the threshold of abdominal pain induced by colonic distension in rats.26The results of the present study are considered to reflect these mechanisms of ramosetron. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P35225 Protein 258564f2-bc4b-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 PMC4121593 Allergen-induced diarrhea is mediated by IL-4 and potentially IL-13 To determine the respective importance of IL-4 and IL-13 in intestinal anaphylaxis, we sensitized mice deficient in IL-4, IL-13, or both cytokines intraperitoneally with OVA/alum and challenged them repeatedly intragastrically with OVA (Fig 1,A). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:Q15746 Protein 7d9b20a8-ea7a-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113281 In addition, a recent study shows that Cur attenuates acetic acid–induced diarrhea via inhibiting NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation and MLCK/p-MLC-mediated smooth muscle motility disorders in rats (Yao et al., 2021). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P80511 Protein fede9682-3409-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5429995 In this study, we assessed the ability of anti-CGRP antibodies to block CGRP-induced diarrhea in both wild-type and CGRP-sensitized transgenic (nestin/hRAMP1)mice that overexpress CGRP receptors in the nervous system (Zhang et al., 2007). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:P42345 Protein 4dac74a4-351e-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 PMC5701526 Notably, side effects prevalent with mTOR or other PI3K inhibitors, such as significant neutropenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, diarrhea/colitis, skin rashes, pyrexia, or liver enzyme elevation,30,31were not observed in our cohort with leniolisib. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q15121 Protein 327ac762-0537-11f0-bd9d-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110803 Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) An mRNA vaccine against the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, a member of the coronaviridae family has been shown to be effective (Aida et al., 2021; Gerdts and Zakhartchouk, 2017). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q9GZY6 Protein ffbf6a3c-bc23-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00162-9 New research technologies have supported earlier suggestions of health promoting properties of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as reviewed byNaidu et al. (1999)including stabilisation of the intestinal microflora by competition against pathogens(Gibson et al., 1997), reduction of lactose intolerance(de Vrese et al., 2001), prevention of antibiotic-induced diarrhea(Pochapin, 2000), prevention of colon cancer(Wollowski et al., 2001), and stimulation of the immune system(Isolauri et al., 2001). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P05156 Protein 676794e2-3419-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 15871872 Diarrhea is a common cause of FI. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P09923 Protein 982609e2-375c-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 24824862 To our knowledge, milk Lf prevention of early weaning diarrhea by increasing enzyme activity of IAP and promoting internal maturation of villus–crypt architecture has not been previous reported. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:O95750 Protein b3cf40dc-c7ca-11ee-b346-0050569a791b PMC10524746 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel movements.1Approximately 25%–50% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) have evidence of bile acid (BA) diarrhea (BAD).2 In patients with idiopathic BAD with IBS-D, there is decreased fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) production3,4and decreased negative feedback on BA synthesis, as manifested by increased serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases UNIPROT:Q02817 Protein b8e6e3ae-00a4-11f0-8027-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118544 Therefore, senna-induced diarrhea may lead to increased goblet cell proliferation and elevated MUC2 expression, as supported by several studies (Chen et al., 2023;Wu et al., 2019). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:O15533 Protein 85e20bf4-13f1-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70297-0 Diarrhea occurred within the first 2 months of life, necessitated TPN, and did not improve during immunosuppressive therapy. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 18a69df6-c47e-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 21059813 "The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were hypertension (8%), increased ALT (6%), increased AST (4%), diarrhea (4%), and fatigue (4%)." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 8c1ac1c6-3515-11e9-9cf0-001a4a160175 PMC6158765 The most common reasons for nintedanib dose reduction were increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 835d5938-350e-11e9-8325-001a4a160175 PMC6065052 The most common treatment-related adverse events of any grade were increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hypothyroidism, diarrhea, palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia, and skin hypopigmentation. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein cd43e43c-ee34-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 25299232 Of the 42 patients who received combination treatment, the most frequent drug-related AEs (all CTCAE grades) were neutropenia, leukopenia, fatigue, alopecia, decreased appetite, ALT/AST elevations, diarrhea, and γ-GT elevations (Table 3). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein cf3373bc-bd58-11e7-bee0-001a4a160175 PMC5648304 The most common grade 3 or 4 AEs were increased ALT level (30%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (10%), and diarrhea (6%), which were reversible after discontinuation of ceritinib therapy. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 501cb8c8-3746-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26238424 The main grade 3 non-hematological toxicities were infection (11.5%), increased ALT (11.5%) and AST levels (7.7%), fatigue (3.8%), diarrhea (3.8%), and pneumonitis (3.8%). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q38424 Protein 8ca998fb-f575-11eb-8410-001a4a160175 32279228 Grade 3/4 TEAEs reported in ≥ 10% of patients were increased ALT (33.3%), increased AST (18.3%), diarrhea (15.0%), increased lipase (15.0%), lymphopenia (13.3%), and neutropenia (11.7%). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q9NRA2 Protein 501cb8c8-3746-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26238424 The main grade 3 non-hematological toxicities were infection (11.5%), increased ALT (11.5%) and AST levels (7.7%), fatigue (3.8%), diarrhea (3.8%), and pneumonitis (3.8%). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:Q9NRA2 Protein cd43e43c-ee34-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 25299232 Safety Profile of Nintedanib Of the 42 patients who received combination treatment, the most frequent drug-related AEs (all CTCAE grades) were neutropenia, leukopenia, fatigue, alopecia, decreased appetite, ALT/AST elevations, diarrhea, and γ-GT elevations (Table 3). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P23295 Protein 9ca38452-bc54-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.006 Attenuated susceptibility of NOR-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis Wild-type mice treated with two cycles of oral DSS administration showed diarrhea (43%) and bloody stools (43%)(Table 1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:O95139 Protein 852e1fa4-bbf4-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4022419 The leading respondent-reported cause of death among all ages was malaria, which was reported to have caused 21.2% (95% CI 16.5 to 25.8) of deaths, followed by acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) and diarrhea, which were reported to cause 16.6% (95% CI 11.8 to 21.4) and 12.3% (95% CI 8.7 to 15.8) of deaths, respectively. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:O95139 Protein 47233ef0-452f-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.027 The mean score of diarrhea increased 11.7 (95% CI, 9.1–14.4) points from baseline in the surufatinib arm and decreased 1.2 (95% CI, -4.8–2.5) points in the placebo arm (Fig. 2B), and the between-group difference was 12.9 points (95% CI, 8.3–17.4; P < 0.0001). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits UNIPROT:Q92565 Protein db655b8a-c8ec-11e5-8b47-001a4ae51246 18922984 "With larger losses, any form of diarrhea will lead to a significant fall in extracellular fluid volume, reducing GFR and limiting the ability of the kidney to help correct the abnormalities." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:O95405 Protein b9c56d36-bc43-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70045-4 Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurs when ruminal pH is depressed between a minimum pH of 5.2 and 5.6 (Cooper and Klopfenstein, 1996) and is characterized by decreased DMI, decreased milk production, diarrhea, and an increased incidence of laminitis (Nocek, 1997). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:Q99835 Protein c0ddc6b0-3403-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26072120 Not least, studies investigating systemic treatments with SMO antagonists have revealed several side effects including dysgeusia, alopecia, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, hyponatremia, weight loss, and especially muscle cramping due to noncanonical SMO signaling (SMO–AMP-activated protein kinase axis) and Ca2+influx[37,38]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates UNIPROT:P01282 Protein 310c039a-d154-11ee-9aaa-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.tacc.2011.01.009 Metabolic derangements include diabetes (due to suppression of insulin and increased hepatic glucose output), lactic acidosis, hypercalcemia (when associated with parathyroid adenomas), diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (excessive production of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:29101 Chemical a7e205d0-bbed-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.09.002 Renal and hepatic failure, glucocorticoid deficiency, hypothyroidism, diarrhea, poisoning by diuretics can all decrease the blood sodium concentration (Lang et al., 1998). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:29101 Chemical 59267a66-8d83-11e7-ad74-001a4ae51246 28755896 Among the recently identified defects, congenital diarrhea and intestinal inflammation are caused by defects in theSLC9A3gene, encoding the sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 that is expressed at the luminal intestinal epithelium[39,40]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:86570 Chemical a66ae50a-5c7d-11e7-86a3-001a4ae51246 PMC4857167 Clinically, CTX may resemble the Marinesco–Sjogren syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder, which is characterized by the triad of cerebellar ataxia, congenital cataract, and mental retardation.19The presence of tendon xanthomas, diarrhea, increased serum cholestanol, and urinary bile alcohol helps in differentiating CTX from this condition. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:8988 Chemical d5c32e72-bbf5-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC3703882 Irinotecan Hydrochloride-Induced Diarrhea and Kampo The flavonoid glycoside baicalin may control irinotecan hydrochloride-induced diarrhea because it actively inhibitsβ-glucuronidase of intestinal flora and suppresses reformation of the active form (SN-38) in the digestive tract. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:29103 Chemical 8939c4ec-f096-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0735-6757(03)00097-4 Hypokalemia is a common event in hypomagnesemic patients, occurring in 40% to 60% of cases.7This relationship is in part the result of underlying disorders that cause both magnesium and potassium loss, such as diuretic therapy and diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:29103 Chemical 659f2a66-3546-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 12960953 She was found to have tetany, hypokalemia, and a metabolic alkalosis despite having no history of vomiting, diarrhea, or ingestion of a substance or medication promoting K+excretion. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:73341 Chemical 340dd998-1b0d-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.3168/jds.2023-23615 In addition, cases of diarrhea during 24 h/d access may have diminished the ADG potential. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:29108 Chemical 990678ca-c9fd-11e5-b88f-001a4ae51247 14988394 Bovine ileal loop experiments withSalmonella typhimuriumhave suggested that plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase down-regulation contributes to inflammation and diarrhea (39). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:50803 Chemical 11897ff4-04b9-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114234 This feature also inhibits the elimination of nanoparticle carriers in vivo, which are triggered by diarrhea and are prevalent in individuals with CD. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:17968 Chemical da5bf890-c80a-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.tem.2023.05.001 Ma and coworkers found that PHB effectively suppressed diarrhea in piglets [38], and Fernándezet al.found that PHB suppressed CRC by promoting a butyrate-producing bacteria-dominant microbiome [39]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:8764 Chemical 06e13fc2-cb2c-11e5-b419-001a4ae51246 12392293 In this patient, LEF was prescribed in combination with a quadruple immunosuppressive regimen that included mycophenolate mofetil, which led to severe diarrhea necessitating mycophenolate mofetil withdrawal. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:135156 Chemical 1ea4cf08-d418-11e5-b157-001a4ae51247 26551550 The mechanism is believed to be inhibition of the 5-HT3receptor in the myenteric plexus and vagal afferent neurons.21The peristaltic reflex is mediated physiologically by 5-HT3receptors in the myenteric plexus.22Patients with IBS-D show exaggerated colonic motility in response to colonic distension23and secretion of 5-HT.24Abnormal neurotransmission of 5-HT via the 5-HT3receptors has been reported in IBS-D patients.25In rats, ramosetron clearly reduces stress-induced diarrhea and defecation caused by corticotropin-releasing hormone.10,11Ramosetron also increases the threshold of abdominal pain induced by colonic distension in rats.26The results of the present study are considered to reflect these mechanisms of ramosetron. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:422 Chemical 09949996-3ab3-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 9706796 The relatively high incidence of infectious diarrhea in formula-fed infants can be reduced by feeding infant formulas containing viable bifidobacteria (Saavedra et al., 1994) or the other lactic acid bacteria (Brunser et al. 1989, Gonzalez et al. 1990). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates CHEBI:422 Chemical ffbf6a3c-bc23-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00162-9 New research technologies have supported earlier suggestions of health promoting properties of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as reviewed byNaidu et al. (1999)including stabilisation of the intestinal microflora by competition against pathogens(Gibson et al., 1997), reduction of lactose intolerance(de Vrese et al., 2001), prevention of antibiotic-induced diarrhea(Pochapin, 2000), prevention of colon cancer(Wollowski et al., 2001), and stimulation of the immune system(Isolauri et al., 2001). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits CHEBI:5298 Chemical e1237554-3945-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 15464238 Moreover, the generation of genipin from geniposide depends on intestinal bacterial flora, and excess amount of genipin can damage bacteria to cause diarrhea, which in turn reduces genipin generation[29]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D012640 Phenotype a7a38358-3528-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 25217339 Many of his deteriorating changes (worsening autonomic signs, increased seizure activity, and diarrhea) were likely aggravated by his overt thyrotoxicosis and not simply due to his underlying neurological condition. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004194 Phenotype f63c5814-bc53-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.017 jejuniis the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States (Samuel et al., 2004), causing more diseases thanShigellaspp. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004194 Phenotype a0958316-bc2d-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/S0882-4010(03)00003-2 Viruses, such as bovine herpes virus type 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza virus type 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea, adenovirus, and bacteria, such asPasteurella multocida,Mannheimia haemolytica,Arcanobacterium pyogenes,Haemophilus somnus, and mycoplasmas can interact to induce fatal diseases[3,4]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004194 Phenotype d2de9f04-c46d-11e5-85e4-001a4ae51246 25460590 In addition, this species has been used for treatment of leishmaniasis (Ayyanar and Subash-Babu, 2012), diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses (Maciel et al., 2008), inflammation (Muruganandan et al., 2001), chronic diarrhea (Veigas et al., 2007), and intestinal and genitourinary tract ulcers (Chandrasekaran and Venkatesalu, 2004). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004194 Phenotype 259a3930-bc51-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.fm.2005.03.005 colistrains represent primary pathogens with an enhanced potential to cause diseases, specifically diarrhea and urinary tract infection (Cohen and Gianella 1995;Leffler and Svanborg Eden, 1980;Williams et al., 1999). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0050909 Phenotype 282e0576-457e-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 PMC9047481 Some patients experience loss of taste or smell, sore throat, headache, muscle or joint pain, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, among others. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0050909 Phenotype d8d68644-ae93-11ec-8b2e-0050569a1f61 PMCPMC8831758 Adverse events reported in this study include pruritis/rash, headache, fatigue, loose stools/diarrhea, allergic reaction, bitter taste, tender lymph nodes, nausea, metallic taste, dry tongue, decreased sex drive, eyes sensitive to light, decreased short term memory, dizziness, heartburn, decreased/no taste, and lymphadenopathy. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D059808 Phenotype 274d835d-7f70-11ea-8189-001a4a160175 PMC3547719 Taken together, the data indicate that all these compounds in the GUE cure diarrhea by blocking RVA attachment (polyphenol compounds), entry (18β-glycyrrhetinic acid) and replication (polyphenol compounds) in the villous epithelium. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004630 Phenotype 92d000fc-bc2e-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC4689052 Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in emergencies besides the need to provide sufficient and safe water, there is a need to promote hand hygiene and provide soap that will be used for that activity [14]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004417 Phenotype 7d2e71ce-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4093375 ADVERSE EFFECTS In a study evaluating the safety of pazopanib in 382 patients with advanced STS, the most commonly observed AEs (≥ 20%) were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased weight, hypertension, decreased appetite, vomiting, tumor pain, hair color changes, musculoskeletal pain, headache, dysgeusia, dyspnea, and skin hypopigmentation (GlaxoSmithKline, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015209 Phenotype 4b3be3d2-bee5-11e5-b7a3-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.07.004 CD40L-CD40 interactions provide a costimulatory signal for T cells, and lead to T cell activation.4The engagement of CD40 by CD40L on B cells leads to B cells proliferation and CSR,5The combined T and B immunological defect is clearly illustrated by the susceptibility of patients with HIGM1 to recurrent pyogenic and opportunistic infections.6 Patients with HIGM are highly susceptible to recurrent sinopulmonary infections,Pneumocystis jirovecipneumonia (PJP), and chronic diarrhea due toCryptosporidiuminfection that may lead to sclerosing cholangitis. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015209 Phenotype 0b6aa9e4-3532-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 24929972 The common clinical manifestations include severe recurrent sino-pulmonary infections with opportunistic organisms likePneumocystis cariniipneumonia (PCP), chronic diarrhea due toCryptosporidiuminfection that may lead to sclerosing cholangitis, intermittent or persistent neutropenia, autoimmune manifestations and malignancies[10,11]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007019 Phenotype 04d895c6-3958-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 11677493 Hypoproteinemia caused by mucous diarrhea can occur.2Endoscopy demonstrates reddened, sessile polyps situated on the apices of enlarged transverse mucosal folds in the rectosigmoid colon. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0007612 Phenotype b8a8f072-0ca1-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00225-0 Although genistein and PD98059 were potent inhibitors of taste-aversion learning, neither drug appeared to attenuate the immediate effects of LiCl, including diarrhea and lying on belly, the latter of which has been shown to be a reliable indicator of malaise following LiCl injection in rodents[3]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015746 Phenotype 0955acb2-c785-11ee-9aaa-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110666 Unconventional T cells and intestinal epithelial barrier Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that disrupts the gut lining symptomatically causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and malabsorption[39]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015746 Phenotype 274f323c-2c52-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03224-4 Probable SRL-related side effects were: reversible diarrhea (3), addition of lipid-lowering agents when SRL therapy was started (4), stomatitis (2), headache (2), arthralgia (2), thrombocytopenia (2), urinary tract infections (2), abdominal pain (1), menstrual disorders (1), alopecia (1), and edema (1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015746 Phenotype 57642d06-3aa6-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 27663890 Effects of DON on human and animal health Emesis, anorexia and growth effects Acute exposure to DON induces abdominal pain, increased salivation, diarrhea and emesis in human and several animal species. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015746 Phenotype 7db61242-5cc8-11e7-9fde-001a4ae51247 26311725 Lenvatinib at the starting dose of 24 mg once daily has a toxicity profile characterized by predominantly CTC grade ≤ 2 TEAEs, including diarrhea, proteinuria, hypertension, fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, decreased weight, vomiting, and abdominal pain. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015746 Phenotype 0edd9326-0527-11f0-bd9d-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116571 Among the most common intestinal conditionally pathogenic bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) produces enterotoxins that cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (Bencardino, Amagliani, & Brandi, 2021), and can even trigger conditions such as sepsis and endocarditis, increasing mortality rates (Chambers & Deleo, 2009). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015746 Phenotype fa6507f4-3958-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 11522986 As with other organ systems, GI involvement may be subtle and clinically unrecognized.3,13-16Nonocclusive ischemia may result in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea caused by increased secretory activity or malabsorption.18Ischemic episodes can produce abdominal pain and induce fibrosis and stricturing of the bowel with resulting symptoms of obstruction.19Occult or manifest blood loss is common and occurs in about 10% of patients.17The pathophysiology of GI blood loss is not fully understood. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013552 Phenotype 3170d994-04fb-11e9-a3d6-001a4a160175 PMC6301702 This is an important finding to be supported with more comprehensive studies, as post-weaning diarrhea is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in young pigs. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013552 Phenotype 409a191d-7f6f-11ea-bf10-001a4a160176 PMC7167529 Porcine epidemic diarrhea type II causes a profuse fluid diarrhea in pigs of all ages, including nursing piglets. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015215 Phenotype 842e79c8-f0de-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00405-0 The patient reported a decrease in diarrhea in the 6 weeks since decreasing the AZT dose to 25 mg/day, with an increase in body weight to 66 kg. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D001145 Phenotype f339dfde-5801-11e6-8f02-001a4ae51247 PMC4962887 Although, her diarrhea present at admittance probably contributed to her severe hypomagnesemia causing the arrhythmia. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases MESH:D003404 Phenotype 42998180-3404-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26100229 However, an increased frequency of vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, dysgeusia, increased creatinine level, and neuropathy was observed in patients who received volasertib with pemetrexed. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D064793 Phenotype 5bb41bf6-bbe5-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.027 Bovine viral diarrhea virus, the prototype of thePestivirusgenus of the Flaviviridae family, causes early embryonic death, abortion, teratogenesis, respiratory problems, chronic wasting syndrome, and immune system dysfunction in cattle throughout the world[8,9]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D002368 Phenotype 21d62b9e-0916-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.016 In the second experiment, diarrhea was induced feeding castor oil to the mice, the results indicate that the time before the onset of diarrhea was longer in the group treated with loperamide (163 ± 16.2 min) than controls (36 ± 4.2 min) (Fig. 2A). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003221 Phenotype e1e0410e-bc45-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 PMC2988797 Diarrhea in AIDS patients is caused by both classic enteric pathogens and different opportunistic agents.Infection with these different pathogens may lead to similar radiological findings, thus causing diagnostic confusion. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003645 Phenotype 3bf51536-3749-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26403312 In the late-onset type, intermittent episodic attacks of lethargy, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia, or, occasionally, acute encephalopathy or sudden death triggered by infection, diarrhea, or long fasting are seen starting in early childhood[7–9]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D010188 Phenotype cfd16466-3385-11e8-8f56-001a4a160175 26614399 Improvement in diarrhea with pancreatic enzyme supplementation and with cholestyramine supports the role of pancreatic insufficiency in this patient's fat malabsorption. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006955 Phenotype ffe6697a-bc41-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00103-X Because infectious diarrhea and pneumonia are major causes of death in neonatal calves and therefore a cause significant economic losses in the beef and dairy industries, investigations of the immunological activity of M-CSF and of the cellular immunity of calves showing low M-CSF level are warranted. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0009058 Phenotype 90139304-1b4e-11f0-a2ca-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005 Diarrhea triggers the synthesis of numerous proinflammatory cytokines in the intestine, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006859 Phenotype 59267a66-8d83-11e7-ad74-001a4ae51246 28755896 Among the recently identified defects, congenital diarrhea and intestinal inflammation are caused by defects in theSLC9A3gene, encoding the sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 that is expressed at the luminal intestinal epithelium[39,40]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005665 Phenotype 8c67fba4-001f-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118993 Diarrhea is characterized by impaired intestinal absorption, increased fluid and electrolyte secretion, and accelerated intestinal transit(Tadesse et al., 2017). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005665 Phenotype 64a63bf2-375a-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 29136953 This information corroborates that LPPp interferes in the PGE2effect of diarrhea induced by castor oil, increasing the transit time and allowing more water to be absorbed from the fecal matter. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005665 Phenotype 4d8e019c-bc42-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.04.019 Since serotonin stimulates motility and accelerates transit in small intestine, elevated number of EC cells may be of importance in development of diarrhea present in both diabetic animals and patients. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005665 Phenotype 89961ab2-c07d-11e7-b7ac-001a4a160176 PMC5645613 Imbalance in body serotonin (5HT), 95% of which is in the gut, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of IBS, with its deficiency contributing to slow gut transit and constipation, and excess causing diarrhea[65]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0042311 Phenotype 6cf6aaa2-377e-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 10596840 The other product, bradykinin, produces vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, hypotension and diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003371 Phenotype edc53adc-4878-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.11.004 Symptoms of an infection can include chills, fever, body aches, diarrhea, decreased urination, nausea and vomiting, rapid pulse, dizziness or lightheadedness, cough (sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus), painful urination, bloody urine, and inflamed wound sites. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003371 Phenotype 2b5d5756-c464-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 23425564 "Briefly, the most common adverse events were stomatitis, rash, fatigue, diarrhea, decreased appetite, nausea, decreased weight, and cough (33)." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype acfc9036-3390-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 10903464 Diarrhea, although usually resulting in isonatremic or hyponatremic dehydration, may cause hypernatremic dehydration in the face of vomiting or poor oral fluid intake(2). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 840c0baa-860f-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 PMC8062787 Symptoms include fever, vomiting and watery diarrhea which may lead to fatal dehydration[1]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype a6c5d69f-c5ae-11ea-91f3-001a4a160176 10.1016/B978-0-7020-5318-4.00007-3 Diarrhea in neonatal ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype b30e1587-7f6f-11ea-bf13-001a4a160176 PMC7151799 Fluids ::: Medical ::: Treatment and Management of Acute, Self-Limiting Diarrhea Acute diarrhea may cause severe dehydration for which intravenous fluid therapy may be required (see Chapter 48). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 764d77ea-0051-11f0-a3d5-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100746 During the second week of illness, some patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea that can lead to significant dehydration [77]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype db7fab90-5c2d-11e7-8c5f-001a4ae51246 PMC5308530 Acute viral diarrhea accounts for most bouts of diarrhea in developed countries, with an incidence of 0.5 to 2 episodes per child per year in healthy European children younger than 3 years of age1and is associated with substantial health care costs.2The aim of treatment is to prevent or reverse dehydration, shorten the duration of the illness (important for preventing progression to persistent diarrhea, which is associated with adverse outcomes such as malnutrition), and reduce the period during which a person is infectious. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 4c51e5be-bbd9-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.030 In the 1960s, CPT Robert Phillips developed intravenous and oral rehydration techniques useful in preventing dehydration caused by all forms of severe infectious diarrhea that are estimated to have saved many millions of lives[85]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 099a879e-003a-11f0-9f22-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104714 Salmonellainfections can lead to complications, including persistent diarrhea, which may cause fluid loss and dehydration. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype e33bf212-3747-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 26774349 He was diagnosed with acute kidney injury from severe dehydration caused by the diarrhea, which was categorized as grade 3 according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 1bac0dc2-394a-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 17015070 Severe diarrhea causes dehydration, renal failure and thromboembolic events. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 585141ea-28bf-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/B978-012088441-4/50012-5 Tremendous morbidity still occurs from dehydration caused by gastrointestinal infection and diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype 40e70298-0ea6-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/S0300-9629(97)00073-X The glucose-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are an effective therapy in acute diarrhea, preventing dehydration. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype bcaf7434-1c6e-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100270 Contaminated water can cause a variety of illnesses, including cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and even death[1]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype fb09d41e-7fbe-11ea-81b9-001a4a160175 PMC7155629 Diarrhea in neonatat ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 3aa5a573-7f6f-11ea-8181-001a4a160175 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5318-4.00007-3 Diarrhea in neonatal ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 90a59ace-3780-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 14622949 The traveler’s diarrhea is sometimes severe with elderly, causing risk of dehydration, by loss of fluid and electrolytes. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003681 Phenotype bcfe12c8-ee2a-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 25395283 Certain AEs (notably nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite/weight, asthenia, mucosal inflammation, dehydration and hyperglycemia) and SAEs (dehydration, diarrhea and dyspnea) were more common with figitumumab. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 8033d760-3405-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 28606647 Although food poisoning is usually a mild disease, the nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can lead to dehydration and even death (about 500 per year in the U.S.). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 913fdde2-d9e5-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0899-9007(98)00078-1 Since the widespread availability of oral rehydration solution (ORS), deaths from acute diarrheal disease have been significantly reduced.2The need for an ORS that not only treats dehydration caused by acute diarrhea more effectively but also decreases stool volume and duration of diarrhea has been an impetus for research into alternative solutions. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 3e35540e-374a-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 26141215 There were 3 treatment-related deaths (2 due to ILD and 1 due to dehydration caused by diarrhea). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype fcddbbe4-8df9-11e7-a20e-001a4ae51247 PMC4978548 Diarrhea Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, and psychosocial distress [34]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype b8c1c9d4-3388-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 24952772 Oocyst numbers can reach the magnitude of 106to 107/g of feces (Current, 1985); however, even small numbers of oocysts are sufficient to infect the gut (De Waele et al., 2010), causing diarrhea, often complicated by metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalances (Kasari, 1999), that may lead to dehydration and death (Chen et al., 2003). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 1a5f6404-3531-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 24630351 Although diarrheal disease is less of a well-known concern for children with SCA, these children are at increased risk of complicated gastrointestinal infections because of the reduction in defense against invasive salmonella disease47,48and the increased sickling induced by dehydration caused by diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003681 Phenotype 266cf48a-3407-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 28483382 Its typical symptom is severe watery diarrhea, which can rapidly lead to dehydration. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003092 Phenotype f900b143-c5ae-11ea-9c12-001a4a160175 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6400-8.00011-0 Inflammatory diarrhea can be caused byShigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, V. parahaemolyticus, Y. enterocolitica,EIEC, EAEC,C. difficile,necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated colitis, and allergic colitis (i.e., milk or soy intolerance). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003092 Phenotype a14e0a2a-bc01-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.008 The classic example is pseudomembranous colitis, a frequent form of infectious diarrhea caused byClostridium difficilein hospitalized patients[15]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003092 Phenotype 3076fada-3749-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 26403333 difficileinfection (CDI) range from mild to severe diarrhea, which can lead to fulminant colitis and toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis and death[1]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003092 Phenotype 4e994df4-bc0a-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.bej.2006.10.001 coli(EHEC) has emerged as the leading cause of hemolytic colitis (diarrhea)[17]and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)[19]in humans. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003092 Phenotype b9e23ada-0561-11f0-ac21-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116548 At the genus level,Escherichia-Shigellawas found to be significantly enriched in the PPT group.Escherichia-Shigellais a well-known causative agent of diarrhea (Baker and The, 2018), inducing mild diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis in humans through various mechanisms such as adherence, invasion, intracellular movement, toxin secretion, and evasion of the host immune system. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014839 Phenotype edc53adc-4878-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.11.004 Symptoms of an infection can include chills, fever, body aches, diarrhea, decreased urination, nausea and vomiting, rapid pulse, dizziness or lightheadedness, cough (sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus), painful urination, bloody urine, and inflamed wound sites. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D014839 Phenotype 074bf040-3807-11e6-9aa8-001a4ae51247 PMC4426226 In a case series described by Freier et al,14milk challenge administered by enema resulted in diarrhea and weight loss, whereas drinking the milk induced vomiting, pallor, and diarrhea in the same infant. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D014839 Phenotype 402af050-352a-11e9-8aa6-001a4a160176 PMC6035147 Non-hematological AEs included diarrhea, sometimes with significant impairment of patients’ well-being, electrolyte imbalances, increased creatinine, fatigue, decreased appetite, peripheral edema, pyrexia, nausea, and vomiting. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D014839 Phenotype bf8bb564-352b-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 PMC5253309 Additional symptoms included nausea/emesis (34%, 4/12), increased abdominal girth (25%, 3/12), fever (17%, 2/12), decreased oral intake (17%, 2/12), diarrhea (8%, 1/12), and failure to thrive (8%, 1/12). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0060073 Phenotype 2cf4c1d4-3957-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 14760275 Patient 3 was seen by his primary care physician for nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, and increased urination for 1 day. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D008278 Phenotype 7ad10c46-bc27-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.01.010 When diarrhea was induced using MgSO4, the major effect of the methanol extract was observed at doses of 100mg/kgbodywt. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004244 Phenotype d8d68644-ae93-11ec-8b2e-0050569a1f61 PMCPMC8831758 Adverse events reported in this study include pruritis/rash, headache, fatigue, loose stools/diarrhea, allergic reaction, bitter taste, tender lymph nodes, nausea, metallic taste, dry tongue, decreased sex drive, eyes sensitive to light, decreased short term memory, dizziness, heartburn, decreased/no taste, and lymphadenopathy. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D001247 Phenotype bcfe12c8-ee2a-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 25395283 Certain AEs (notably nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite/weight, asthenia, mucosal inflammation, dehydration and hyperglycemia) and SAEs (dehydration, diarrhea and dyspnea) were more common with figitumumab. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0008283 Phenotype c4213396-1b98-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107168 For example, ORF3-protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has been found to promote virus proliferation by inhibiting apoptosis of infected cells (38). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009369 Phenotype 7d2e71ce-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4093375 ADVERSE EFFECTS In a study evaluating the safety of pazopanib in 382 patients with advanced STS, the most commonly observed AEs (≥ 20%) were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased weight, hypertension, decreased appetite, vomiting, tumor pain, hair color changes, musculoskeletal pain, headache, dysgeusia, dyspnea, and skin hypopigmentation (GlaxoSmithKline, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013921 Phenotype 274f323c-2c52-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03224-4 Probable SRL-related side effects were: reversible diarrhea (3), addition of lipid-lowering agents when SRL therapy was started (4), stomatitis (2), headache (2), arthralgia (2), thrombocytopenia (2), urinary tract infections (2), abdominal pain (1), menstrual disorders (1), alopecia (1), and edema (1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004487 Phenotype 402af050-352a-11e9-8aa6-001a4a160176 PMC6035147 Non-hematological AEs included diarrhea, sometimes with significant impairment of patients’ well-being, electrolyte imbalances, increased creatinine, fatigue, decreased appetite, peripheral edema, pyrexia, nausea, and vomiting. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004487 Phenotype dc929650-bc42-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.06.006 VTEC and ETEC are the main causative agents of edema and diarrhea in weaned piglets, respectively, while VTEC/ETEC can cause edema and/or diarrhea in piglets. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004487 Phenotype 274f323c-2c52-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03224-4 Probable SRL-related side effects were: reversible diarrhea (3), addition of lipid-lowering agents when SRL therapy was started (4), stomatitis (2), headache (2), arthralgia (2), thrombocytopenia (2), urinary tract infections (2), abdominal pain (1), menstrual disorders (1), alopecia (1), and edema (1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D016559 Phenotype cb0a8cb6-b735-11ee-a9a2-0050569a1f61 10.1007/s00228-019-02781-3 Diarrhea might increase the bioavailability of tacrolimus by decreasing intestinal transit time and thus increase the delivery of tacrolimus to the distal small intestine and colon, where tacrolimus is absorbed. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015431 Phenotype 4a947130-c474-11e5-85e4-001a4ae51246 PMC4895651 Dogs were considered eligible for inclusion in the study if they had presenting clinical signs consistent with a CE, which included any of the following: vomiting, diarrhea, increased borborygmi, abdominal pain, increased or decreased appetite, and weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015431 Phenotype d5290bf4-351e-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 28160850 Acute toxicity evaluation The administration of the maximum dose of oleoresin (2000 mg/kg) did not promote any changes such as loss of hair or color, tremors, increased salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, increased or reduced sleep, pain or suffering, or weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015431 Phenotype b1695426-bc03-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.004 Acute symptoms of poisoning include weight loss, decreased feed conversion, feed refusal, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and severe dermatitis hemorrhage (Eriksen, 2003). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015431 Phenotype 21fcebc4-1b15-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100502 Adverse effects of systemically administered nintedanib include diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, liver problems, decreased appetite, headache, and weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype ba086dd2-390c-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 27234755 Severe diarrhea may lead to weight loss, dehydration, decrease of quality of life, increase of serum creatinine, and the fluctuating of immunosuppressive drug levels[5,6]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype 829f1008-bc4a-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01098-6 In this study, the weight loss of the rats was caused by urination, evacuation and diarrhea, which are induced by the withdrawal syndrome in dependent animals(Vaccarino and Couret, 1993). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype d10026b2-3748-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 26012492 In three patients, these symptoms were preceded by severe diarrhea of unclear etiology, causing substantial weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D015431 Phenotype 0b8e4f2e-3407-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 28546107 Mucositis can affect the mucosa of the entire alimentary tract, including the small intestine, and is characterized by intestinal and/or oral pain, vomiting, diarrhea and destruction of the gastrointestinal epithelium contributing to malabsorption of nutrients and hence, weight loss (Keefe et al., 2004). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015431 Phenotype fa2cbe94-bc23-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.009 Signs of the disease include weight loss, reduced feed consumption and utilization, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, abortion, and death (Ueno, 1985). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype 09cb3a3e-88d0-11ee-add2-0050569a791b 10.1007/s11864-022-00993-x The most common is hypertension in 64.0% of patients, followed by hypothyroidism, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, decreased weight, fatigue, and arthralgia. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype ae5c9070-f579-11eb-859b-001a4a160175 32710945 It was found that MTDs for GSK2256098/trametinib were 500mg twice a day (BID)/0.375mg once day (QD) (high/low) and 250mg BID/0.5mg QD (low/high) with most common adverse events as nausea, diarrhea, pruritus, decreased appetite, rash and fatigue; with none of them being grade 4. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype cc1d4368-1a9a-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.026 Inflammatory bowel disease The clinical manifestations of IBD primarily include diarrhea, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, fatigue, intestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, and other extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) involving the musculoskeletal system, skin, and hepatobiliary tract[101]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005221 Phenotype 078e9c33-dbb7-11ea-8485-001a4a160176 PMC7414235 Furthermore, in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea may lead to a decrease in serum sodium levels and electrolyte disturbances (35), causing nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headache if not treated in time and even leading to coma and circulatory failure. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005221 Phenotype b5f06e66-c46a-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 PMC6279111 The most common non-laboratory AEs regardless of causality were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, and PPE. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0007586 Phenotype db607024-3402-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26344912 Since they inhibit digestion of complex carbohydrates in the intestine, the side effects are generally limited to flatulence, abdominal pain and diarrhea due to bacterial action on undigested carbohydrates[36]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0030431 Phenotype d5290bf4-351e-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 28160850 Acute toxicity evaluation The administration of the maximum dose of oleoresin (2000 mg/kg) did not promote any changes such as loss of hair or color, tremors, increased salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, increased or reduced sleep, pain or suffering, or weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D002908 Phenotype 5df3e2ce-0560-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101646 We suggest that chronic constipation or diarrhea may be underappreciated drivers of organ damage and chronic disease, even in healthy populations, although additional work is required to rigorously quantify how BMF impacts disease risk. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D012141 Phenotype b35b6cec-d892-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.03.009 Its high intake causes abdominal pains, diarrhea, vomiting, hypertension, increased infant mortality, central nervous system birth defects, diabetes, spontaneous abortions, respiratory tract infections, and changes to the immune system[4,5]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006356 Phenotype d8d68644-ae93-11ec-8b2e-0050569a1f61 PMCPMC8831758 Adverse events reported in this study include pruritis/rash, headache, fatigue, loose stools/diarrhea, allergic reaction, bitter taste, tender lymph nodes, nausea, metallic taste, dry tongue, decreased sex drive, eyes sensitive to light, decreased short term memory, dizziness, heartburn, decreased/no taste, and lymphadenopathy. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D059352 Phenotype 7d2e71ce-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4093375 ADVERSE EFFECTS In a study evaluating the safety of pazopanib in 382 patients with advanced STS, the most commonly observed AEs (≥ 20%) were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased weight, hypertension, decreased appetite, vomiting, tumor pain, hair color changes, musculoskeletal pain, headache, dysgeusia, dyspnea, and skin hypopigmentation (GlaxoSmithKline, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D001064 Phenotype d275a4ea-bbd5-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.04.008 pseudotuberculosisinfection in humans is mesenteric adenitis, which causes an acute appendicitis-like syndrome with fever, abdominal pain, and, less often, vomiting and diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D000855 Phenotype 47905f6c-8684-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118972 Clinical side effects of cisplatin include nausea, emesis, anorexia, weight loss, disrupted gastrointestinal function, diarrhea, delayed gastric motility, mucositis, malabsorption, and barrier impairment, which can persist long after the therapy regimen has been completed [5–7]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype 409a191d-7f6f-11ea-bf10-001a4a160176 PMC7167529 Although not dem onstrated in foals, diarrhea in calves causes metabolic acidosis through loss of sodium and other cations in feces, which results in a decrease in the strong ion difference in blood, causing acidosis. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype fb09d41e-7fbe-11ea-81b9-001a4a160175 PMC7155629 Diarrhea in neonatat ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype 8ba71228-353c-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 7815226 The proposed mechanism for methemoglobinemia was an immature erythrocyte enzyme system in the presence of increased oxidant stress caused by unidentified oxidants and diarrhea-induced acidosis. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype 9efc064a-c8e6-11e5-9ad8-001a4ae51247 17409279 Along this line, during acidosis HYPO rats had mild diarrhea that may have led to intestinal bicarbonate losses, causing a subtraction acidosis. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype 3aa5a573-7f6f-11ea-8181-001a4a160175 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5318-4.00007-3 Diarrhea in neonatal ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000138 Phenotype a6c5d69f-c5ae-11ea-91f3-001a4a160176 10.1016/B978-0-7020-5318-4.00007-3 Diarrhea in neonatal ruminants, swine, and horses Diarrhea causing dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte depletion is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs, and kids, and to a lesser extent in foals. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006943 Phenotype 92c8aff8-341a-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 17215023 However, in larger amounts it is toxic and has been reported to produce pulmonary disorders, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood pressure, slowed respiration, giddiness cardiomyopathy, hyperglycemia and so on (Venugopal and Luckey, 1979). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006943 Phenotype e69d8ad6-4597-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.023 Though inhibitors accessible in the marketplace may efficiently regulate postprandial hyperglycemia, they are produced by side effects, for instance, bloating, flatulence, vomiting, and diarrhea[10]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006943 Phenotype bcfe12c8-ee2a-11e5-9b35-001a4ae51246 25395283 Certain AEs (notably nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite/weight, asthenia, mucosal inflammation, dehydration and hyperglycemia) and SAEs (dehydration, diarrhea and dyspnea) were more common with figitumumab. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005355 Phenotype fa6507f4-3958-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 11522986 As with other organ systems, GI involvement may be subtle and clinically unrecognized.3,13-16Nonocclusive ischemia may result in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea caused by increased secretory activity or malabsorption.18Ischemic episodes can produce abdominal pain and induce fibrosis and stricturing of the bowel with resulting symptoms of obstruction.19Occult or manifest blood loss is common and occurs in about 10% of patients.17The pathophysiology of GI blood loss is not fully understood. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005472 Phenotype 4d98a0b2-bc05-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00283-5 In case of Grade 2 or 3/4 diarrhea, chemotherapy was initially continued by decreasing the dose of 5-FU by 10–20%. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype 55f51006-d70e-11ee-8b99-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.05.022 In most of these prospectively documented series, the number of lymph nodes resected was higher in patients after ELA, but many patients developed severe diarrhea, which in some patients caused severe malnutrition[39,49]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D044342 Phenotype f7eca460-dc40-11ea-896f-001a4a160176 30826462 After treatment, children can consequently experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and mucositis, which negatively impact oral intake, leading to rapid deterioration in nutritional status and risk of malnutrition. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D044342 Phenotype 77eaa2b4-abb2-11e6-9ac8-001a4ae51246 PMC4484219 The early loss of IENFD demonstrates that the animals developed signs of SIV-PN, early in infection, before AIDS-induced diarrhea could have caused a nutritional deficiency, resulting in metabolic neuropathy before sacrifice. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype 8b332c78-3514-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 26057827 Moreover, diarrhea is a common cause of malnutrition in infants and young children worldwide. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D044342 Phenotype bcaf7434-1c6e-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100270 Contaminated water can cause a variety of illnesses, including cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and even death[1]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007006 Phenotype 39fde95e-bc0a-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.11.004 This is an important concern for both children and adults, because inadequate zinc ingestion leads to acrodermatitis enterophatica, diarrhea, retarded growth, increased susceptibility to infection and hypogonadism (Harzer & Kauer, 1982). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013280 Phenotype fe5fc7b6-881e-11ee-ae93-0050569a1f61 PMC9035501 Most frequently reported TEAEs were fatigue (46%), constipation (35%), diarrhea (29%), nausea (27%), increased ALT and AST (25% each), decreased appetite and vomiting (23% each), and stomatitis (21%). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006261 Phenotype 7d2e71ce-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4093375 ADVERSE EFFECTS In a study evaluating the safety of pazopanib in 382 patients with advanced STS, the most commonly observed AEs (≥ 20%) were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased weight, hypertension, decreased appetite, vomiting, tumor pain, hair color changes, musculoskeletal pain, headache, dysgeusia, dyspnea, and skin hypopigmentation (GlaxoSmithKline, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D006261 Phenotype 21fcebc4-1b15-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100502 Adverse effects of systemically administered nintedanib include diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, liver problems, decreased appetite, headache, and weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006261 Phenotype 274f323c-2c52-11f0-b40b-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03224-4 Probable SRL-related side effects were: reversible diarrhea (3), addition of lipid-lowering agents when SRL therapy was started (4), stomatitis (2), headache (2), arthralgia (2), thrombocytopenia (2), urinary tract infections (2), abdominal pain (1), menstrual disorders (1), alopecia (1), and edema (1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006261 Phenotype 078e9c33-dbb7-11ea-8485-001a4a160176 PMC7414235 Furthermore, in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea may lead to a decrease in serum sodium levels and electrolyte disturbances (35), causing nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headache if not treated in time and even leading to coma and circulatory failure. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D020896 Phenotype 1b5792bc-c474-11e5-a92e-001a4ae51246 26025870 In animal models of bacterial sepsis, endothelial cell activation and increased endothelial permeability contribute to mortality.1,2Similar findings have been reported in certain viral infections.3For instance, activation of the endothelium is critical to the pathogenesis of influenza,4and we and others have reported on the importance of lung endothelial barrier integrity in murine models of influenza virus- induced acute lung injury.2,5,6 Diarrhea and poor oral intake are major contributors to the hypovolemia that characterizes human cases of EVD;7,8however, the loss of endothelial barrier integrity may also contribute. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D010167 Phenotype 074bf040-3807-11e6-9aa8-001a4ae51247 PMC4426226 In a case series described by Freier et al,14milk challenge administered by enema resulted in diarrhea and weight loss, whereas drinking the milk induced vomiting, pallor, and diarrhea in the same infant. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype f0df49b8-390a-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 25433250 It is speculated that possible presence of spasmogenic component may have presented this type of antidiarrheal activity which is particularly important in case of infectious diarrhea, where completely abolishing the stool frequency increases the chances of dissemination of infection. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype 39fde95e-bc0a-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.11.004 This is an important concern for both children and adults, because inadequate zinc ingestion leads to acrodermatitis enterophatica, diarrhea, retarded growth, increased susceptibility to infection and hypogonadism (Harzer & Kauer, 1982). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype 501cb8c8-3746-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 26238424 The main grade 3 non-hematological toxicities were infection (11.5%), increased ALT (11.5%) and AST levels (7.7%), fatigue (3.8%), diarrhea (3.8%), and pneumonitis (3.8%). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007239 Phenotype 73ab54e2-354e-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 15036472 In some developing countries, children may suffer repeated attacks of acute diarrhea, which contribute to the infection–malnutrition cycle and consequent impairment of growth and development. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D007239 Phenotype 05630084-bc42-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 PMC3155943 It has been demonstrated previously that treatment of BRV diarrhea using avian egg yolk enriched in BRV specific IgY Abs during the first 2 weeks of life enhanced body weight gain and markedly reduced BRV infection (virus titer in stools as well as the number of calves shedding virus) (Heckert et al., 1999; Kuroki et al., 1997; Touchette et al., 2003). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D051379 Phenotype 1ffbc016-0030-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fbio.2025.105897 DSS treatment can induce symptoms of body weight loss, haematochezia, diarrhea, shortened colon length and increased spleen weight in mice (Lu et al., 2023). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D051379 Phenotype 9ca38452-bc54-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.006 Attenuated susceptibility of NOR-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis Wild-type mice treated with two cycles of oral DSS administration showed diarrhea (43%) and bloody stools (43%)(Table 1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006915 Phenotype 61aae80a-3906-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 28107700 Infective diarrhea can activate electrogenic Cl−secretion, inhibit electroneutral NaCl absorption and, in some cases, down-regulate tight junctional proteins and increase apoptosis[9]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 3a2f8d62-3532-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 24979683 perfringenstype A. Both animals developed depression, anorexia and bloody diarrhea, which quickly led to death. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype ffdc5d48-c472-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 19861626 "INTRODUCTION An estimated 1.9 million children less than 5 years of age die annually from diarrheal disease1and an additional 2 million die of pneumonia.2Small-scale studies (fewer than 4,000 households) in settings where diarrhea and respiratory disease are leading causes of death show that households that receive intensive handwashing promotion report less diarrhea3–6and respiratory disease7compared with control households." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 5bb41bf6-bbe5-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.027 Bovine viral diarrhea virus, the prototype of thePestivirusgenus of the Flaviviridae family, causes early embryonic death, abortion, teratogenesis, respiratory problems, chronic wasting syndrome, and immune system dysfunction in cattle throughout the world[8,9]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003643 Phenotype 5aaa4bfa-3c3c-11ef-b466-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.yclnex.2017.01.001 In Sweden, oral Salovum©treatment of neonatal piglet diarrhea significantly inhibit diarrhea secretion, while at the same time eliminate death commonly registered in relation to dehydration (dr. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype fd044abe-4545-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114167 More, bacteria accounted for 81.4% of the diarrhea induced death (Havelaar et al., 2015). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype e3077d0e-bbe1-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC1181922 1a), and chronic diarrhea, leading to death in the first decade of life. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype a720ab04-87af-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104179 It has been reported that protease decreased diarrhea and diarrhea-induced death by 86% in rabbits infected with the colonization factor antigen Ι-positive (CFA/Ι+) strain H10407 by modifying the surface of the rabbit mucosa such that colonization of CFA/Ι+bacteria was significant reduced (Mynott et al., 1991). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype ade81d7e-1af8-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118887 During infectious disease outbreaks, diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and death, particularly in developing nations. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 093ca52a-34e4-11e9-ab56-001a4a160175 PMC6326429 Malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea are leading causes of death in young children in Uganda. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003643 Phenotype aa35290c-3904-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 PMC7089240 Results results Clinical inspection of affected dairy cattle showed watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, melena or occult blood in feces, decrease milk production, and death in some cows. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 437e5e22-86e0-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.059 One of the causes of diarrhea is the poor condition of basic sanitation facilities owned by the community.2It is estimated that 2.4 billion people in the world live with inadequate sanitation facilities, where 663 million do not have access to clean water, and 946 million still practice open defecation.3,4As many as 1.8 million deaths among children are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries (LMICs).5 The incidence of diarrhea in Indonesia is still high, the incidence of diarrhea outbreaks often causes death in various regions. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype db471d54-865c-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105278 In immunocompetent individuals, the infection may only demonstrate as a mild diarrhea (Mumcuoglu et al., 2016), while in immunosuppressed patients, elderly persons, children and malnourished people the infection could be systemic and involves the intestine, lung, eyes, muscles, and the kidneys, which may even lead to death (Taghipour et al., 2019a;Weber et al., 1993). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype b980671c-3c6e-11f0-86f5-0050569a1f61 PMC9575407 Diarrhea Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in children less than five years old, leading to about 500 000 deaths per year[34]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype b8c1c9d4-3388-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 24952772 Oocyst numbers can reach the magnitude of 106to 107/g of feces (Current, 1985); however, even small numbers of oocysts are sufficient to infect the gut (De Waele et al., 2010), causing diarrhea, often complicated by metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalances (Kasari, 1999), that may lead to dehydration and death (Chen et al., 2003). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 251d1c1c-dbdc-11ea-8688-001a4a160176 PMC7046199 Diarrhea and pneumonia are leading causes of illness and death for children under 5 years old [1, 2] , as well as for school-aged children [3]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype 1e9670c0-bc08-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.023 Globally, diarrhea still kills ∼2.2 million people per year, mostly children, and can cause death in previously healthy adults within hours, e.g. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003643 Phenotype c2709dac-8835-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106184 It is characterized by a chronic granulomatous enteritis due to an increased thickness of the intestinal epithelium through accumulation of activated macrophages and giant cells, causing intermittent diarrhea, weight loss and cachexia that usually leads to death. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003643 Phenotype cd50408e-bbf2-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.001 Introduction Enteritis and diarrhea are leading causes of calves’ death during their first weeks of life. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0006954 Phenotype 0238f422-1b88-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117733 In animal models of colitis, we found that ginger alleviated weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, colon length reduction, colon tissue damage, inflammatory response, and intestinal flora imbalance caused by colitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress levels, protecting intestinal barrier function, restoring immune balance, and regulating the intestinal flora. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 53e4e0b0-bc42-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 PMC2259276 Valsartan decreased damage scores in TNBS colitis and incidence of diarrhea in DSS colitis Both TNBS and DSS caused colonic ulceration and inflammation as evidenced by a significant increase in the macroscopic damage score (Fig. 2), occurrence of diarrhea (Fig. 3), and microscopic damage score (Fig. 4B). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 34c23b70-1c31-11f0-85c3-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114857 The results indicated that some GAstV cases were associated with GPV and WRV in Fujian Province, and have been demonstrated in a nonnegligible proportion of field samples obtained from Muscovy ducks suspected of having viral diarrhea or/and gout, which may simultaneously induce immunosuppression and systemic inflammation, and thus increase the risk of secondary infections by other pathogens, and further exacerbate these inflammatory diseases (Liu et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2022). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 2d5d6ab6-1bdd-11f0-bb75-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110728 This observed elevation in total leukocyte count in the diarrhea group is presumed to be a consequence of the inflammatory response triggered by diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 013454be-1b23-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103718 When bacterial diarrhea occurs, increased TLR2 recognizes more bacterial toxins and causes intestinal inflammation, which may be associated with the downstream proteins MyD88 and NF-κB. (Dutta et al., 2021) Thus, it is possible thatScutellaria baicalensisand chlorogenic acid, the active ingredients in SL, repaired the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the TLR2/NF-κB pathway stimulated byC. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0006954 Phenotype 7d9b20a8-ea7a-11ee-b346-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113281 In addition, a recent study shows that Cur attenuates acetic acid–induced diarrhea via inhibiting NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation and MLCK/p-MLC-mediated smooth muscle motility disorders in rats (Yao et al., 2021). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0006954 Phenotype 72a03252-04b8-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106434 However, in swine production, the gastrointestinal tract of weaning piglets is susceptible to external stimulation like changing to dry feed or new environment, such as diarrhea, which could cause the intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress and gut barrier injury (Xiao et al., 2021). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D013577 Phenotype 20240dd8-d9c0-11ee-ae05-0050569a1f61 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00157-2 Early symptoms in acute infections are fever and diarrhea inducing a severe syndrome of general decay as the disease progresses. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009894 Phenotype 3157f2e2-ea0c-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clon.2024.10.034 Bacterial overgrowth has also been identified as a significant cause of clinical diarrhea, which increases the risk of opportunistic infections [40]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0050801 Phenotype 28ecf8c8-04fb-11f0-8fe6-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104386 Moreover, both diarrhea and vomiting may disrupt electrolyte homeostasis in patients. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0120054 Phenotype 8c67fba4-001f-11f0-9c09-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118993 The pathophysiology of diarrhea involves reduced electrolyte absorption, elevated luminal osmolarity, increased electrolyte secretion, and abnormal intestinal motility (Rahman et al., 2015;Shemsu Umer et al., 2013;Sinmegn Mihrete et al., 2014). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0050892 Phenotype 4c87d90c-351d-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 28578095 Hypophosphatemia is a common finding in the critically ill, often occurring due to insufficient dietary intake, lack of intestinal absorption, increased urinary excretion, diarrhea, or medication side effect[1]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007008 Phenotype efd85858-352b-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27321242 In patients suffering from viral infection, diarrhea-mediated hypokalemia and fever may be present concurrently.13,14In our rabbit model, fever synergistically prolonged the QT interval in hypokalemic rabbits (Figure 7). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D019282 Phenotype f7623bc0-3387-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 27794506 It is frequently detected in immunocompromised hosts, notably AIDS patients and children, caused by chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome[1,3]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007172 Phenotype 42e31360-3ab5-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 10840412 Among the most common grade II or higher adverse reactions associated with long-term complete androgen blockade are decreased libido and impotence, decrease in lean body mass, fatigue, gynecomastia and breast tenderness, hot flashes, anemia, diarrhea, changes in liver function tests and nausea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005242 Phenotype 53f87e5c-8610-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113712 On the other hand, it has been described that adequate treated IBD patients can show gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea or involuntary fecal loss of liquid or stools (fecal incontinence) and these symptoms could induce undesirable effects on social or emotional condition in patients (Barros et al., 2019). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015154 Phenotype 282d1ade-bc45-11e5-8d2d-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.npep.2007.10.001 These include gastroparesis, accelerated emptying of liquids, esophageal dysmotility, small intestinal dysmotility, delayed colonic transit, megacolon, diarrhea, constipation and fecal incontinence (Iber et al., 1993; Quigley, 1999; El-Salhy, 2001). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D010146 Phenotype d5290bf4-351e-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 28160850 Acute toxicity evaluation The administration of the maximum dose of oleoresin (2000 mg/kg) did not promote any changes such as loss of hair or color, tremors, increased salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, increased or reduced sleep, pain or suffering, or weight loss. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D010146 Phenotype 8440de64-457f-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.arth.2022.02.022 For placebo patients, adverse events consisted of hyponatremia, opioid overdose and influenza, oral H. simplex, surgical site blisters, 3rd cranial nerve palsy, kidney stone, fall on POD 90, hallucinations and confusion, diaphoresis, hypertension, diarrhea, decreased urine output and tooth pain, and acne. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D010146 Phenotype 609a6c20-bc43-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4480992 noSymptomsPersonal historyFamily historyTTG IgA (U/mL)1Abdominal pain, diarrheaFood allergies, type 1 diabetes mellitusType 1 diabetes mellitus>3002Failure to thriveFood allergies eczema, asthmaCD1123Abdominal pain, diarrhea, increased flatulence––3004Abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, mouth ulcers–CD>3005Failure to thrive––>3006Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysphagiaFood allergies–180CDceliac disease,EoEeosinophilic esophagitis,TTG IgAanti-tissue transglutaminase antibody Ig. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011041 Phenotype 552b743c-bc3f-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.09.002 It can cause acute poisoning and well known symptoms include myosis, increased urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation and salivation[29]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011041 Phenotype 519eec72-bc3f-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.08.004 It can cause acute poisoning and well known symptoms include myosis, increased urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation and salivation[2]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011041 Phenotype 55363e8a-bc3f-11e5-ac4e-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.pestbp.2010.11.011 It can cause acute poisoning and well known symptoms include myosis, increased urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation and salivation[14]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006130 Phenotype d001dfb6-3d1d-11f0-8978-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.nutx.2020.100010 Having diarrhea negated overweight but promoted stunting and wasting as the coefficient was negative for overweight and positive for stunting and wasting. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D023341 Phenotype edc53adc-4878-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.11.004 Symptoms of an infection can include chills, fever, body aches, diarrhea, decreased urination, nausea and vomiting, rapid pulse, dizziness or lightheadedness, cough (sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus), painful urination, bloody urine, and inflamed wound sites. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D064806 Phenotype 1203d22e-1c36-11f0-b759-0050569a791b 10.3168/jds.2023-23630 However, both infectious and noninfectious diarrhea can lead to gut dysbiosis due to the changes in the gut microbial communities(Li et al., 2021b). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D064806 Phenotype 357187b1-2dae-11eb-82b3-001a4a160176 PMC7609338 Classification of health status of calves Calves that never exhibited diarrhea were classified as “healthy to healthy” (H2H), those that exhibited diarrhea and recovered after treated with electrolyte, indicating that their gut microbiota may be more resistant to diarrhea-induced dysbiosis so that no antimicrobials were needed, were classified as “resistant to healthy” (R2H), and those that exhibited diarrhea and recovered after treated with Trimidox or Excenel, indicating that their gut microbiota may be more susceptible to diarrhea-induced dysbiosis so that antimicrobials were needed, were classified as “susceptible to healthy” (S2H) (Table1). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D015877 Phenotype a789ebfc-c471-11e5-91a7-001a4ae51247 PMC2784713 "Thus, overactivation of muscarinic receptors by accumulated acetylcholine (ACh) causes miosis, increased secretions, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and diarrhea." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D006851 Phenotype bdbbc76a-0558-11f0-9c9e-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.009 The second follows secretory diarrhea, induced by ion secretion primarily involving Cl−secretion from intestinal epithelial cells into the lumen, leading to subsequent water flow through the paracellular spaces in response to enterotoxic effects. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 increases MESH:D006851 Phenotype 3227bfb4-bc11-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.022 Additionally, results of a recent study suggest that Zn supplementation reduces the incidence of diarrhea in rats through inhibition of cAMP-induced Cl secretion by the intestinal mucosa via the blocking of basolateral membrane K channels[37]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0030432 Phenotype 82f87d18-340d-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 24727085 Previous study has indicated that emodin induced diarrhea via promoting intestinal peristalsis, accelerating colonic transit and increasing osmotic pressure in the intestinal tract[12,13]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0030432 Phenotype 9a35c71e-352b-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 27889684 Moreover, bacterial overgrowth may trigger mucosal inflammation that initially increases intestinal peristalsis by diarrhea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003967 Phenotype b9258796-3363-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 18191353 Castor oil-induced diarrhea Castor oil was fed to rats to induce diarrhea as previously described byAtta and Mouneir (2004)with some modifications. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000740 Phenotype 844d336c-0542-11f0-ac21-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103909 tenellainfection in all silymarin and diclazuril groups compared with those in the CC group possibly due to anemia caused by bloody diarrhea in the chicks. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D000740 Phenotype 0a9c20ce-3758-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 27513212 Common side effects associated with current treatment due to combinational regimen are anemia, decreased appetite, fever, joint pain, diarrhea, itching, rash, weakness, insomnia and irritability. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0007595 Phenotype 766d92f8-3409-11e8-a34b-001a4a160175 25726101 Furthermore, diarrhea in early life of dairy heifers reduces milk production in the first lactation (Heinrichs and Heinrichs, 2011). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates GO:0007595 Phenotype f87d1fda-87d9-11f0-afc2-0050569a791b 10.15232/aas.2020-02049 Diarrhea prevention should be emphasized, as calves that require treatment for diarrhea experience reduced growth, increased risk of mortality, increased age at first calving, and reduced first lactation milk production (Waltner-Toews et al., 1986;Svensson and Hultgren, 2008;Windeyer et al., 2014). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D013739 Phenotype f5c9a604-3409-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 27865415 Disadvantages associated with many of these chemosterilants include incomplete and inflammatory responses to treatment, failure to completely eliminate gonadal sources of testosterone, discomfort, and adverse effects such as scrotal swelling, scrotal ulceration, necrosis, dermatitis, scrotal self-mutilation, preputial swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, and leukocytosis[10,13,14]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D004408 Phenotype 7d2e71ce-bc02-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4093375 ADVERSE EFFECTS In a study evaluating the safety of pazopanib in 382 patients with advanced STS, the most commonly observed AEs (≥ 20%) were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased weight, hypertension, decreased appetite, vomiting, tumor pain, hair color changes, musculoskeletal pain, headache, dysgeusia, dyspnea, and skin hypopigmentation (GlaxoSmithKline, 2012). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype 01942a7a-3551-11e8-bf76-001a4a160175 17151585 It has been known since XIX century that the ingestion of polar bear and seal liver may be toxic for humans, and in 1943 this fact was associated to vitamin A toxicity.17,18 Acute toxicity in children and adults may produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever and increased intracranial pressure. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype edc53adc-4878-11f0-b8fe-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.11.004 Symptoms of an infection can include chills, fever, body aches, diarrhea, decreased urination, nausea and vomiting, rapid pulse, dizziness or lightheadedness, cough (sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus), painful urination, bloody urine, and inflamed wound sites. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype 078e9c33-dbb7-11ea-8485-001a4a160176 PMC7414235 Furthermore, in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea may lead to a decrease in serum sodium levels and electrolyte disturbances (35), causing nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headache if not treated in time and even leading to coma and circulatory failure. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D009325 Phenotype 402af050-352a-11e9-8aa6-001a4a160176 PMC6035147 Non-hematological AEs included diarrhea, sometimes with significant impairment of patients’ well-being, electrolyte imbalances, increased creatinine, fatigue, decreased appetite, peripheral edema, pyrexia, nausea, and vomiting. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D009325 Phenotype 424505b8-3915-11e8-9192-001a4a160175 24029602 Common treatment-related adverse events included fatigue, rash, diarrhea, pruritus, decreased appetite, and nausea. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D012008 Phenotype c3b48118-3385-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 26602290 A previous pediatric study of acute watery diarrhea showed that adding lysozyme and recombinant hLF expressed in rice to oral rehydration solution reduced the duration and recurrence of diarrhea[31]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005334 Phenotype 45f85534-3532-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 24998876 It can relieve internal fever, detoxicate, diminish inflammation, stop pain and has good curative effect to the upper respiratory tract infection and diarrhea by bacterial and virus, which makes it honored as the nature antibiotics. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005334 Phenotype c4dea3cc-3748-11e8-8636-001a4a160175 26013296 The main clinical symptoms are transient fever, decreased milk production, inappetence and diarrhea in adult ruminants[1,5]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D005334 Phenotype 0750d2f4-3807-11e6-b56c-001a4ae51246 PMC4624397 Indications for performing these scans included fever with increased C-reactive protein (4 patients), increased respiratory rate and hypoxia (3 patients),C. albicansfungemia (1 patient), assessment of response in patients with solid tumor (2 patients), abdominal pain and diarrhea (2 patients), and other causes (3 patients). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D005334 Phenotype 093876e0-050c-11f0-bb39-0050569a791b 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106274 SBV presence was associated with cases of fever, reduced milk yield and mild diarrhea in dairy cattle near the town of Schmallenberg, close to the border between Germany and the Netherlands (Hoffmann et al., 2012; Wernike et al., 2013). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D011014 Phenotype 1dd5e1aa-e9f5-11ef-95dd-0050569a1f61 10.3168/jds.2024-25006 Bovine viral diarrhea causes fever, pneumonia, and decreased immune functioning, making cattle susceptible to secondary infections (Baker, 1995;Ridpath, 2000). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D008055 Phenotype 0a7f334e-bbd9-11e5-956b-001a4ae51247 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.04.019 The diarrhea caused higher fecal excretion and a lower accumulation of dry matter and crude fat in the carcass of CTx rats, and, as a result, their body weight was decreased in this experiment. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D058186 Phenotype 64a52684-eff1-11e5-872c-001a4ae51246 20555321 Diarrhea-positive hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) is a major cause of acute kidney injury in children.1,2Similar to other acute renal injuries, a HUS episode has the potential to decrease nephron endowment initially with subsequent increase in proteinuria, hypertension, and impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR).3A clear understanding of the risk of these chronic renal sequelae is important to guide the long-term follow-up after a HUS episode. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D022603 Phenotype d2ad4d80-bc18-11e5-8abe-001a4ae51246 PMC3153243 Introduction intro The illnesses caused by the Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteriaShigella dysenteriaeserotype 1 (S. dysenteriae1) can produce fever, fatigue, anorexia, watery and bloody diarrhea, and often progresses to dysentery and the hemolytic uremic syndrome [1,2,3]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits GO:0120056 Phenotype aae23af4-3759-11e8-b868-001a4a160176 27144621 Novel Drugs in Development or Recently Approved for Chronic Diarrhea and Diarrhea-Predomination Irritable Bowel Syndrome 5-Hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists Ramosetron slows colonic transit and reduces pain sensation in animal models subjected to stress.187,188Ramosetron (5 μg and 10 μg) was tested in 4 studies of approximately 1300 patients with IBS-D and was superior to placebo in global relief of symptoms, with similar efficacy in men and women. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007010 Phenotype ea2534c6-338c-11e8-a51f-001a4a160176 16434334 Diarrhea is another well-understood cause of hyponatremia, especially when fluid repletion is accomplished with hypotonic solutions, i.e., water and soup. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D000022 Phenotype b35b6cec-d892-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.03.009 Its high intake causes abdominal pains, diarrhea, vomiting, hypertension, increased infant mortality, central nervous system birth defects, diabetes, spontaneous abortions, respiratory tract infections, and changes to the immune system[4,5]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003248 Phenotype e7397fd0-3402-11e8-87fd-001a4a160176 26316370 A major change among gastrointestinal symptoms occurred at the turn of the 21st century, when the proportion of children with diarrhea and vomiting decreased markedly and simultaneously abdominal pain and constipation increased. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003248 Phenotype 89961ab2-c07d-11e7-b7ac-001a4a160176 PMC5645613 Imbalance in body serotonin (5HT), 95% of which is in the gut, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of IBS, with its deficiency contributing to slow gut transit and constipation, and excess causing diarrhea[65]. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D003248 Phenotype eb8c5240-338c-11e8-9fbf-001a4a160176 16434330 Other side effects include insomnia, diarrhea, dry mouth, somnolence, dizziness, increased sweating, constipation, fatigue, ejaculation delay, and indigestion. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits MESH:D003248 Phenotype ffff8fc4-c74e-11ee-b22c-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103039 These advantages and positive effects involve reduced tumor incidence, increased immunological system resistance, blood pressure control, reduced irritable bowel syndrome, allergies, diarrhea, intestinal microbial balance, increased nutritional value, improved lactose intolerance, reduced constipation, blood lipids regulation, and vitamin production (Nezamdoost-Sani et al., 2023). 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates MESH:D007024 Phenotype 24bdd2ac-c470-11e5-9cc6-001a4ae51246 PMC2676186 "None of the patients upon presentation had diarrhea, vomiting, increased thirst, dizziness, postural hypotension, muscle cramps, orthostatic hypotension, or delayed capillary refill." 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 inhibits FPLX:G:i ProteinFamily 048649b4-862c-11f0-8cae-0050569a1f61 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105729 Considering the possibility that the occurrence of diarrhea could also impede drug absorption in the GI tract (Effinger et al., 2019), confounding bias cannot be excluded due to the following limitations: First, the impact of non-adsorbent antidiarrheals was not investigated due to data unavailability. 2 Diarrhea MESH:D003967 activates PF:PF09010 ProteinFamily 88e67860-bc05-11e5-9b9d-001a4ae51247 PMC4422539 Moreover, in South-East Asia, diarrhea has been the cause of 10% of deaths among children below the age of 5 years.